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查尔斯·罗伯特·达尔文于1809年2月12日出生在什罗普郡什鲁斯伯里Shrewsbury自家山顶的小屋中。他的父亲是非常富裕的社会医生，金融家罗伯特·达尔文Robert Darwin，母亲苏珊娜·达尔文Susannah Darwin则是韦奇伍德陶器家族的女儿，达尔文在六个孩子中排名第五。他的祖父伊拉斯谟·达尔文Erasmus Darwin和约西亚·韦奇伍德Josiah Wedgwood都是著名的废奴主义者。伊拉斯谟·达尔文在他的著作《动物法则》（1794年）中称赞了进化和共同祖先Common descent这个概念。本书以一种渐进式创作的诗意幻想方式呈现，其中包括未成熟的观念，这些观念预示着他孙子未来提出的概念。

查尔斯·罗伯特·达尔文于1809年2月12日出生在什罗普郡什鲁斯伯里Shrewsbury自家山顶的小屋中。他的父亲是非常富裕的社会医生，金融家罗伯特·达尔文Robert Darwin，母亲苏珊娜·达尔文Susannah Darwin则是韦奇伍德陶器家族的女儿，达尔文在六个孩子中排名第五。他的祖父伊拉斯谟·达尔文Erasmus Darwin和约西亚·韦奇伍德Josiah Wedgwood都是著名的废奴主义者。伊拉斯谟·达尔文在他的著作《动物法则》（1794年）中称赞了进化和共同祖先Common descent这个概念。本书以一种渐进式创作的诗意幻想方式呈现，其中包括未成熟的观念，这些观念预示着他孙子未来提出的概念。

[[文件:Charles Darwin 1816.jpg|缩略图|左|1816年，埃伦·夏普莱斯Ellen Sharples用粉笔绘制了七岁抱着盆栽的查尔斯·达尔文Charles Darwin]]

[[文件:Charles Darwin 1816.jpg|缩略图|左|1816年，埃伦·夏普莱斯Ellen Sharples用粉笔绘制了七岁抱着盆栽的查尔斯·达尔文Charles Darwin]]

Both families were largely [[Unitarianism|Unitarian]], though the Wedgwoods were adopting [[Anglicanism]]. Robert Darwin, himself quietly a [[Freethought#England and France|freethinker]], had baby Charles [[baptism|baptised]] in November 1809 in the Anglican [[St Chad's Church, Shrewsbury]], but Charles and his siblings attended the Unitarian chapel with their mother. The eight-year-old Charles already had a taste for natural history and collecting when he joined the day school run by its preacher in 1817. That July, his mother died. From September 1818, he joined his older brother [[Erasmus Alvey Darwin|Erasmus]] attending the nearby Anglican [[Shrewsbury School]] as a [[boarding school|boarder]].<ref name=skool>{{Harvnb|Desmond|Moore|1991|pp= 12–15}}<br />{{harvnb|Darwin|1958|pp=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F1497&pageseq=21 21–25]}}</ref>

Both families were largely [[Unitarianism|Unitarian]], though the Wedgwoods were adopting [[Anglicanism]]. Robert Darwin, himself quietly a [[Freethought#England and France|freethinker]], had baby Charles [[baptism|baptised]] in November 1809 in the Anglican [[St Chad's Church, Shrewsbury]], but Charles and his siblings attended the Unitarian chapel with their mother. The eight-year-old Charles already had a taste for natural history and collecting when he joined the day school run by its preacher in 1817. That July, his mother died. From September 1818, he joined his older brother [[Erasmus Alvey Darwin|Erasmus]] attending the nearby Anglican [[Shrewsbury School]] as a [[boarding school|boarder]].<ref name=skool>{{Harvnb|Desmond|Moore|1991|pp= 12–15}}<br />{{harvnb|Darwin|1958|pp=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F1497&pageseq=21 21–25]}}</ref>

尽管韦奇伍德一家信仰英国国教，但两个家庭基本上都是一神论主义者。罗伯特·达尔文本身是一名默默地信奉自由主义者的人。他于1809年11月在什鲁斯伯里英国国教圣乍得教堂进行了婴儿洗礼，但他和他的兄弟姐妹，还有母亲则一起去一神论教堂祷告。八岁的达尔文在1817年加入由传教士经营的日间学校时，此时他已经对自然历史和收藏产生了兴趣。那年七月，他的母亲去世了。从1818年9月起，他与哥哥伊拉斯谟一起在附近的圣公会什鲁斯伯里学校作为寄宿生就读。

尽管韦奇伍德一家信仰英国国教，但两个家庭基本上都是一神论主义者。罗伯特·达尔文本身是一名默默地信奉自由主义者的人。他于1809年11月在什鲁斯伯里英国国教圣乍得教堂进行了婴儿洗礼，但他和他的兄弟姐妹，还有母亲则一起去一神论教堂祷告。八岁的达尔文在1817年加入由传教士经营的日间学校时，此时他已经对自然历史和收藏产生了兴趣。那年七月，他的母亲去世了。从1818年9月起，他与哥哥伊拉斯谟一起在附近的圣公会什鲁斯伯里学校作为寄宿生就读。

Darwin spent the summer of 1825 as an apprentice doctor, helping his father treat the poor of Shropshire, before going to the [[University of Edinburgh Medical School]] (at the time the best medical school in the UK) with his brother Erasmus in October 1825. Darwin found lectures dull and surgery distressing, so he neglected his studies. He learned [[taxidermy]] in around 40 daily hour-long sessions from [[John Edmonstone]], a freed black slave who had accompanied [[Charles Waterton]] in the South American [[rainforest]].<ref name=eddy>{{harvnb|Darwin|1958|pp=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F1497&pageseq=48 47–51]}}<br />{{harvnb | Desmond |Moore | 2009 | pp=18–26}}</ref>

In Darwin's second year at the university he joined the [[Plinian Society]], a student [[natural history|natural-history]] group featuring lively debates in which [[radicalism (historical)#Popular agitation|radical democratic]] students with [[materialism|materialistic]] views challenged orthodox religious concepts of science.{{sfn|Desmond|Moore|1991|pp=31–34}} He assisted [[Robert Edmond Grant]]'s investigations of the anatomy and life cycle of [[marine invertebrates]] in the [[Firth of Forth]], and on 27 March 1827 presented at the Plinian his own discovery that black spores found in [[oyster]] shells were the eggs of a skate [[leech]]. One day, Grant praised [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lamarck]]'s [[Lamarckism|evolutionary ideas]]. Darwin was astonished by Grant's audacity, but had recently read similar ideas in his grandfather Erasmus' journals.<ref>{{Harvnb|Browne|1995|pp=72–88}}</ref> Darwin was rather bored by [[Robert Jameson]]'s natural-history course, which covered geology—including the debate between [[Neptunism]] and [[Plutonism]]. He learned the [[alpha taxonomy|classification]] of plants, and assisted with work on the collections of the [[Royal Museum|University Museum]], one of the largest museums in Europe at the time.<ref>{{Harvnb|Desmond|Moore|1991|pp=42–43}}</ref>

In Darwin's second year at the university he joined the Plinian Society, a student natural-history group featuring lively debates in which radical democratic students with materialistic views challenged orthodox religious concepts of science. He assisted Robert Edmond Grant's investigations of the anatomy and life cycle of marine invertebrates in the Firth of Forth, and on 27 March 1827 presented at the Plinian his own discovery that black spores found in oyster shells were the eggs of a skate leech. One day, Grant praised Lamarck's evolutionary ideas. Darwin was astonished by Grant's audacity, but had recently read similar ideas in his grandfather Erasmus' journals. Darwin was rather bored by Robert Jameson's natural-history course, which covered geology—including the debate between Neptunism and Plutonism. He learned the classification of plants, and assisted with work on the collections of the University Museum, one of the largest museums in Europe at the time.

In Darwin's second year at the university he joined the Plinian Society, a student natural-history group featuring lively debates in which radical democratic students with materialistic views challenged orthodox religious concepts of science. He assisted Robert Edmond Grant's investigations of the anatomy and life cycle of marine invertebrates in the Firth of Forth, and on 27 March 1827 presented at the Plinian his own discovery that black spores found in oyster shells were the eggs of a skate leech. One day, Grant praised Lamarck's evolutionary ideas. Darwin was astonished by Grant's audacity, but had recently read similar ideas in his grandfather Erasmus' journals. Darwin was rather bored by Robert Jameson's natural-history course, which covered geology—including the debate between Neptunism and Plutonism. He learned the classification of plants, and assisted with work on the collections of the University Museum, one of the largest museums in Europe at the time.

In Darwin's second year at the university he joined the [[Plinian Society]], a student [[natural history|natural-history]] group featuring lively debates in which [[radicalism (historical)#Popular agitation|radical democratic]] students with [[materialism|materialistic]] views challenged orthodox religious concepts of science.{{sfn|Desmond|Moore|1991|pp=31–34}} He assisted [[Robert Edmond Grant]]'s investigations of the anatomy and life cycle of [[marine invertebrates]] in the [[Firth of Forth]], and on 27 March 1827 presented at the Plinian his own discovery that black spores found in [[oyster]] shells were the eggs of a skate [[leech]]. One day, Grant praised [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lamarck]]'s [[Lamarckism|evolutionary ideas]]. Darwin was astonished by Grant's audacity, but had recently read similar ideas in his grandfather Erasmus' journals.<ref>{{Harvnb|Browne|1995|pp=72–88}}</ref> Darwin was rather bored by [[Robert Jameson]]'s natural-history course, which covered geology—including the debate between [[Neptunism]] and [[Plutonism]]. He learned the [[alpha taxonomy|classification]] of plants, and assisted with work on the collections of the [[Royal Museum|University Museum]], one of the largest museums in Europe at the time.<ref>{{Harvnb|Desmond|Moore|1991|pp=42–43}}</ref>

Darwin's neglect of medical studies annoyed his father, who shrewdly sent him to [[Christ's College, Cambridge]], to study for a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree as the first step towards becoming an Anglican country [[parson]]. As Darwin was unqualified for the ''[[Tripos]]'', he joined the ''ordinary'' degree course in January 1828.<ref>{{Harvnb|Browne|1995|pp=47–48, 89–91}}<br />{{harvnb | Desmond |Moore | 2009 | pp=47–48}}</ref> He preferred [[equestrianism|riding]] and [[shooting sports|shooting]] to studying. During the first few months of Darwin's enrollment, his second cousin [[William Darwin Fox]] was also studying at Christ's Church. Fox impressed him with his butterfly collection, introducing Darwin to [[entomology]] and influencing him to pursue [[beetle]] collecting.<ref name=":02">{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Homer W.|url=https://archive.org/details/manhisgods00smit|title=Man and His Gods|date=1952|publisher=[[Grosset & Dunlap]]|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/manhisgods00smit/page/357 357–58]|author-link=Homer W. Smith|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite book|author=Darwin|first=Charles|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hw2nmd;view=1up;seq=61|title=The life and letters of Charles Darwin|publisher=D. Appleton|year=1901|volume=vol. 1|location=|pages=43–44|access-date=3 July 2020|archive-date=24 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924204343/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hw2nmd;view=1up;seq=61|url-status=live}}</ref> He did this zealously, and had some of his finds published in [[James Francis Stephens]]' ''Illustrations of British entomology'' (1829–32).<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|editor-last=Van Wyhe|editor-first=John|title=Darwin's insects in Stephens' Illustrations of British entomology (1829-32)|url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/vanWyhe_Stephens.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2020-07-03|website=Darwin Online|archive-date=1 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901090213/http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/vanWyhe_Stephens.html}}</ref> Also through Fox, Darwin became a close friend and follower of botany professor [[John Stevens Henslow]].<ref name=":02" /> He met other leading [[parson-naturalist]]s who saw scientific work as religious [[natural theology]], becoming known to these [[University don|dons]] as "the man who walks with Henslow". When his own exams drew near, Darwin applied himself to his studies and was delighted by the language and logic of [[William Paley]]'s ''Evidences of Christianity''<ref name=dar57>{{Harvnb|Desmond|Moore|1991|pp= 73–79}}<br />{{Harvnb|Darwin|1958|pp=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F1497&pageseq=59 57–67]}}</ref> (1794). In his final examination in January 1831 Darwin did well, coming tenth out of 178 candidates for the ''ordinary'' degree.<ref>{{Harvnb|Browne|1995|p=97}}</ref>

 

Darwin's neglect of medical studies annoyed his father, who shrewdly sent him to Christ's College, Cambridge, to study for a Bachelor of Arts degree as the first step towards becoming an Anglican country parson. As Darwin was unqualified for the Tripos, he joined the ordinary degree course in January 1828. He preferred riding and shooting to studying. During the first few months of Darwin's enrollment, his second cousin William Darwin Fox was also studying at Christ's Church. Fox impressed him with his butterfly collection, introducing Darwin to entomology and influencing him to pursue beetle collecting. He did this zealously, and had some of his finds published in James Francis Stephens' Illustrations of British entomology (1829–32). Also through Fox, Darwin became a close friend and follower of botany professor John Stevens Henslow. (1794). In his final examination in January 1831 Darwin did well, coming tenth out of 178 candidates for the ordinary degree.

Darwin's neglect of medical studies annoyed his father, who shrewdly sent him to Christ's College, Cambridge, to study for a Bachelor of Arts degree as the first step towards becoming an Anglican country parson. As Darwin was unqualified for the Tripos, he joined the ordinary degree course in January 1828. He preferred riding and shooting to studying. During the first few months of Darwin's enrollment, his second cousin William Darwin Fox was also studying at Christ's Church. Fox impressed him with his butterfly collection, introducing Darwin to entomology and influencing him to pursue beetle collecting. He did this zealously, and had some of his finds published in James Francis Stephens' Illustrations of British entomology (1829–32). Also through Fox, Darwin became a close friend and follower of botany professor John Stevens Henslow. (1794). In his final examination in January 1831 Darwin did well, coming tenth out of 178 candidates for the ordinary degree.

达尔文对医学研究的忽视惹恼了他的父亲，后者精明地把他送到剑桥的基督学院去攻读哲学硕士学位，作为成为英国圣公会乡村牧师的第一步。由于达尔文没有资格参加特里波斯学院的课程，他于1828年1月参加了普通学位课程。比起学习，他更喜欢骑马和射击。在达尔文入学的最初几个月，他的二表弟威廉 · 达尔文 · 福克斯也在基督教堂学习。狐狸的蝴蝶收藏给他留下了深刻的印象，向达尔文介绍了昆虫学，并影响他去收集甲虫。他对此十分热心，并将他的一些发现发表在詹姆斯 · 弗朗西斯 · 斯蒂芬斯的《英国昆虫学插图》(1829-32)上。也是通过 Fox，达尔文成为了植物学教授约翰·史帝芬·韩斯洛的密友和追随者。(1794).在1831年1月的期末考试中，达尔文成绩不错，在178名普通学位考生中名列第十。

达尔文对医学研究的忽视使他的父亲非常恼火，因此特地将他送到了剑桥大学基督学院去攻读文学学士学位，因为这是迈向成为英国国教乡村牧师的第一步。但由于达尔文不符合文学士荣誉学位考试的资格，他于1828年1月加入了普通学位课程。然而他却喜欢骑马和射击而不是学习。在达尔文入学的头几个月，他的第二任堂兄威廉·达尔文·福克斯William Darwin Fox也进入基督教堂读书。福克斯的蝴蝶收藏给他留下了深刻的印象，使达尔文认识了昆虫学，并影响了他进行甲虫收藏。他对此产生了极大的兴趣，并在詹姆斯·弗朗西斯·史蒂芬斯James Francis Stephens的《英国昆虫图志Illustrations of British entomology》（1892-32年）中提出了一系列发现。也是通过福克斯，达尔文成为了植物学教授约翰·史蒂文斯·汉斯洛的密友和追随者。随后他遇到了其他一流的牧师自然学家，他们将科学工作视为宗教自然神学，并被这些教员称为“与汉斯洛同行的人”。当他自己的考试临近时，达尔文开始专心学习。他对威廉·佩利William Paley的《天道溯源Evidences of Christianity》（1794）中描述的语言和逻辑感到惊喜。后来达尔文在1831年1月的期末考试中表现出色，在178个普通学位候选人中排名第十。

Darwin's neglect of medical studies annoyed his father, who shrewdly sent him to [[Christ's College, Cambridge]], to study for a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree as the first step towards becoming an Anglican country [[parson]]. As Darwin was unqualified for the ''[[Tripos]]'', he joined the ''ordinary'' degree course in January 1828.<ref>{{Harvnb|Browne|1995|pp=47–48, 89–91}}<br />{{harvnb | Desmond |Moore | 2009 | pp=47–48}}</ref> He preferred [[equestrianism|riding]] and [[shooting sports|shooting]] to studying. During the first few months of Darwin's enrollment, his second cousin [[William Darwin Fox]] was also studying at Christ's Church. Fox impressed him with his butterfly collection, introducing Darwin to [[entomology]] and influencing him to pursue [[beetle]] collecting.<ref name=":02">{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Homer W.|url=https://archive.org/details/manhisgods00smit|title=Man and His Gods|date=1952|publisher=[[Grosset & Dunlap]]|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/manhisgods00smit/page/357 357–58]|author-link=Homer W. Smith|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite book|author=Darwin|first=Charles|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hw2nmd;view=1up;seq=61|title=The life and letters of Charles Darwin|publisher=D. Appleton|year=1901|volume=vol. 1|location=|pages=43–44|access-date=3 July 2020|archive-date=24 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924204343/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hw2nmd;view=1up;seq=61|url-status=live}}</ref> He did this zealously, and had some of his finds published in [[James Francis Stephens]]' ''Illustrations of British entomology'' (1829–32).<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|editor-last=Van Wyhe|editor-first=John|title=Darwin's insects in Stephens' Illustrations of British entomology (1829-32)|url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/vanWyhe_Stephens.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2020-07-03|website=Darwin Online|archive-date=1 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901090213/http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/vanWyhe_Stephens.html}}</ref> Also through Fox, Darwin became a close friend and follower of botany professor [[John Stevens Henslow]].<ref name=":02" /> He met other leading [[parson-naturalist]]s who saw scientific work as religious [[natural theology]], becoming known to these [[University don|dons]] as "the man who walks with Henslow". When his own exams drew near, Darwin applied himself to his studies and was delighted by the language and logic of [[William Paley]]'s ''Evidences of Christianity''<ref name=dar57>{{Harvnb|Desmond|Moore|1991|pp= 73–79}}<br />{{Harvnb|Darwin|1958|pp=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F1497&pageseq=59 57–67]}}</ref> (1794). In his final examination in January 1831 Darwin did well, coming tenth out of 178 candidates for the ''ordinary'' degree.<ref>{{Harvnb|Browne|1995|p=97}}</ref>

Darwin had to stay at Cambridge until June 1831. He studied Paley's ''[[Natural Theology or Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity]]'' (first published in 1802), which made an [[teleological argument|argument for divine design in nature]], explaining [[adaptation]] as God acting through [[Physical law|laws of nature]].<ref name="syd5-7">{{Harvnb|von Sydow|2005|pp=5–7}}</ref> He read [[John Herschel]]'s new book, ''Preliminary Discourse on the Study of Natural Philosophy'' (1831), which described the highest aim of [[natural philosophy]] as understanding such laws through [[inductive reasoning]] based on observation, and [[Alexander von Humboldt]]'s ''Personal Narrative'' of scientific travels in 1799–1804. Inspired with "a burning zeal" to contribute, Darwin planned to visit [[Tenerife]] with some classmates after graduation to study natural history in the [[tropics]]. In preparation, he joined [[Adam Sedgwick]]'s [[geology]] course, then on 4 August travelled with him to spend a fortnight mapping [[strata]] in [[Wales]].<ref name=db>{{Harvnb|Darwin|1958|pp=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F1497&pageseq=69 67–68]}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Browne|1995|pp=128–129, 133–141}}</ref>

Darwin had to stay at Cambridge until June 1831. He studied Paley's Natural Theology or Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity (first published in 1802), which made an argument for divine design in nature, explaining adaptation as God acting through laws of nature. He read John Herschel's new book, Preliminary Discourse on the Study of Natural Philosophy (1831), which described the highest aim of natural philosophy as understanding such laws through inductive reasoning based on observation, and Alexander von Humboldt's Personal Narrative of scientific travels in 1799–1804. Inspired with "a burning zeal" to contribute, Darwin planned to visit Tenerife with some classmates after graduation to study natural history in the tropics. In preparation, he joined Adam Sedgwick's geology course, then on 4 August travelled with him to spend a fortnight mapping strata in Wales.

Darwin had to stay at Cambridge until June 1831. He studied Paley's Natural Theology or Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity (first published in 1802), which made an argument for divine design in nature, explaining adaptation as God acting through laws of nature. He read John Herschel's new book, Preliminary Discourse on the Study of Natural Philosophy (1831), which described the highest aim of natural philosophy as understanding such laws through inductive reasoning based on observation, and Alexander von Humboldt's Personal Narrative of scientific travels in 1799–1804. Inspired with "a burning zeal" to contribute, Darwin planned to visit Tenerife with some classmates after graduation to study natural history in the tropics. In preparation, he joined Adam Sedgwick's geology course, then on 4 August travelled with him to spend a fortnight mapping strata in Wales.

为了能够顺利毕业，达尔文必须在剑桥呆到1831年6月。期间他研究了佩利Paley的《自然神学Natural Theology》或《神存在与其属性的证据Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity》（于1802年首次出版），该书为自然界中的神性设计辩解，解释了适应其实是神通过自然法则行事。他阅读了约翰·赫歇尔John Herschel的新书《自然哲学研究的初步论述Preliminary Discourse on the Study of Natural Philosophy》（1831），其中描述了自然哲学的最高目标，即通过基于观察的归纳推理来理解此类定律，以及亚历山大·冯·洪堡Alexander von Humboldt于1799–1804年科学旅行的个人叙事记录。

 

 

 

Darwin had to stay at Cambridge until June 1831. He studied Paley's ''[[Natural Theology or Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity]]'' (first published in 1802), which made an [[teleological argument|argument for divine design in nature]], explaining [[adaptation]] as God acting through [[Physical law|laws of nature]].<ref name="syd5-7">{{Harvnb|von Sydow|2005|pp=5–7}}</ref> He read [[John Herschel]]'s new book, ''Preliminary Discourse on the Study of Natural Philosophy'' (1831), which described the highest aim of [[natural philosophy]] as understanding such laws through [[inductive reasoning]] based on observation, and [[Alexander von Humboldt]]'s ''Personal Narrative'' of scientific travels in 1799–1804. Inspired with "a burning zeal" to contribute, Darwin planned to visit [[Tenerife]] with some classmates after graduation to study natural history in the [[tropics]]. In preparation, he joined [[Adam Sedgwick]]'s [[geology]] course, then on 4 August travelled with him to spend a fortnight mapping [[strata]] in [[Wales]].<ref name=db>{{Harvnb|Darwin|1958|pp=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F1497&pageseq=69 67–68]}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Browne|1995|pp=128–129, 133–141}}</ref>

===Survey voyage on HMS ''Beagle''===

===Survey voyage on HMS ''Beagle''===