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第529行： − Even Darwin's close friends Gray, Hooker, Huxley and Lyell still expressed various reservations but gave strong support, as did many others, particularly younger naturalists. Gray and Lyell sought reconciliation with faith, while Huxley portrayed a polarisation between religion and science. He campaigned pugnaciously against the authority of the clergy in education,+ − 甚至达尔文的密友格雷、胡克、赫胥黎和莱尔也表达了各种保留意见，但给予了强烈支持，其他许多人也是如此，特别是年轻的博物学家。格雷和莱尔寻求与信仰的和解，而赫胥黎描绘了宗教和科学之间的两极分化。他在竞选中顽强地反对神职人员的教育权威,+ − − − − [[File:Editorial cartoon depicting Charles Darwin as an ape (1871).jpg|thumb|alt=White bearded head of Darwin with the body of a crouching ape.|An 1871 caricature following publication of ''[[The Descent of Man]]'' was typical of many showing Darwin with an [[ape]] body, identifying him in popular culture as the leading author of evolutionary theory.<ref name=b373 />]] − − Darwinism became a movement covering a wide range of evolutionary ideas. In 1863 Lyell's Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man popularised prehistory, though his caution on evolution disappointed Darwin. Weeks later Huxley's Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature showed that anatomically, humans are apes, then The Naturalist on the River Amazons by Henry Walter Bates provided empirical evidence of natural selection. Lobbying brought Darwin Britain's highest scientific honour, the Royal Society's Copley Medal, awarded on 3 November 1864. That day, Huxley held the first meeting of what became the influential "X Club" devoted to "science, pure and free, untrammelled by religious dogmas". By the end of the decade most scientists agreed that evolution occurred, but only a minority supported Darwin's view that the chief mechanism was natural selection. − − 达尔文主义成为一场涵盖了广泛的进化论思想的运动。1863年，莱尔的《人类古代的地质证据》一书使史前史广为流传，尽管他对进化论的谨慎态度令达尔文大失所望。几个星期后，赫胥黎的《人类在自然界的地位证据》表明，从解剖学角度来看，人类就是猿类，然后，亨利·沃尔特·贝兹的《亚马逊河上的博物学家》为自然选择提供了经验证明。游说给达尔文带来了英国最高的科学荣誉，皇家学会的科普利奖章，该奖章于1864年11月3日颁发。那一天，赫胥黎举行了第一次会议，后来成为有影响力的“ x 俱乐部” ，致力于“科学，纯粹和自由，不受宗教教条的限制”。十年后，大多数科学家都同意进化论确实存在，但只有少数科学家支持达尔文的观点，认为主要的机制是自然选择。 − − {{details|Reaction to On the Origin of Species}} − − The book aroused international interest, with less controversy than had greeted the popular and less scientific ''[[Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation]]''.<ref>{{harvnb|van Wyhe|2008b|p=48}}</ref> Though Darwin's illness kept him away from the public debates, he eagerly scrutinised the scientific response, commenting on press cuttings, reviews, articles, satires and caricatures, and [[Correspondence of Charles Darwin|corresponded on it]] with colleagues worldwide.<ref>{{Harvnb|Browne|2002|pp=103–104, 379}}</ref> The book did not explicitly discuss human origins,<ref name="light on man" />{{Ref label|D|IV|3}} but included a number of hints about the animal ancestry of humans from which the inference could be made.<ref>{{harvnb|Radick|2013|pp=174–175}}<br />{{harvnb|Huxley|Kettlewell|1965|p=88}}</ref> The first review asked, "If a monkey has become a man–what may not a man become?" and said it should be left to theologians as it was too dangerous for ordinary readers.<ref>{{harvnb|Browne|2002|p=87}}<br />{{harvnb|Leifchild|1859}}</ref> Amongst early favourable responses, Huxley's reviews swiped at [[Richard Owen]], leader of the scientific establishment Huxley was trying to overthrow.<ref>{{Harvnb|Desmond|Moore|1991|pp=477–491}}</ref> In April, Owen's review attacked Darwin's friends and condescendingly dismissed his ideas, angering Darwin,<ref>{{harvnb|Browne|2002|pp=110–112}}</ref> but Owen and others began to promote ideas of supernaturally guided evolution. [[Patrick Matthew]] drew attention to his 1831 book which had a brief appendix suggesting a concept of natural selection leading to new species, but he had not developed the idea.<ref>{{harvnb|Bowler|2003|pp=158, 186}}</ref> − − The Origin of Species was translated into many languages, becoming a staple scientific text attracting thoughtful attention from all walks of life, including the "working men" who flocked to Huxley's lectures. Darwin's theory also resonated with various movements at the time and became a key fixture of popular culture. Cartoonists parodied animal ancestry in an old tradition of showing humans with animal traits, and in Britain these droll images served to popularise Darwin's theory in an unthreatening way. While ill in 1862 Darwin began growing a beard, and when he reappeared in public in 1866 caricatures of him as an ape helped to identify all forms of evolutionism with Darwinism. − − 物种起源》被翻译成多种语言，成为一本主要的科学著作，吸引了各行各业深思熟虑的注意力，包括蜂拥而至参加赫胥黎讲座的“劳动人民”。达尔文的理论也与当时的各种运动产生了共鸣，并成为流行文化的一个重要组成部分。漫画家模仿动物祖先的传统，展示人类与动物的特征，在英国，这些滑稽的图像服务于普及达尔文的理论在一个没有威胁的方式。1862年生病时，达尔文开始蓄胡须，1866年，当他再次出现在公众面前时，他作为一个猿人的漫画帮助确定了所有形式的进化论与达尔文主义。 − − − − The [[Church of England]]'s response was mixed. Darwin's old Cambridge tutors [[Adam Sedgwick|Sedgwick]] and [[John Stevens Henslow|Henslow]] dismissed the ideas, but [[liberal Christianity|liberal clergymen]] interpreted natural selection as an instrument of God's design, with the cleric [[Charles Kingsley]] seeing it as "just as noble a conception of Deity".<ref name=Darwinanddesign>{{cite web|url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/content/view/110/104/|title=Darwin and design: historical essay|year=2007|publisher=Darwin Correspondence Project|accessdate=17 September 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615191012/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/content/view/110/104/ |archivedate=15 June 2009}}</ref> In 1860, the publication of ''[[Essays and Reviews]]'' by seven liberal Anglican theologians diverted [[clergy|clerical]] attention from Darwin, with its ideas including [[higher criticism]] attacked by church authorities as [[heresy]]. In it, [[Baden Powell (mathematician)|Baden Powell]] argued that [[miracle]]s broke God's laws, so belief in them was [[atheism|atheistic]], and praised "Mr Darwin's masterly volume [supporting] the grand principle of the self-evolving powers of nature".<ref>{{Harvnb|Desmond|Moore|1991|pp= 487–488, 500}}</ref> [[Asa Gray]] discussed [[teleology]] with Darwin, who imported and distributed Gray's pamphlet on [[theistic evolution]], ''Natural Selection is not inconsistent with [[natural theology]]''.<ref name=Darwinanddesign /><ref name=miles>{{Harvnb|Miles|2001}}</ref> The most famous confrontation was at the public [[1860 Oxford evolution debate]] during a meeting of the [[British Association for the Advancement of Science]], where the [[Bishop of Oxford]] [[Samuel Wilberforce]], though not opposed to [[transmutation of species]], argued against Darwin's explanation and human descent from apes. [[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Joseph Hooker]] argued strongly for Darwin, and Thomas Huxley's legendary retort, that he would rather be descended from an ape than a man who misused his gifts, came to symbolise a triumph of science over religion.<ref name=Darwinanddesign /><ref>{{harvnb|Bowler|2003|p=185}}</ref> − − − − By 1878, an increasingly famous Darwin had suffered years of illness. − − 到了1878年，一个越来越有名的达尔文患病多年。 − − Even Darwin's close friends Gray, Hooker, Huxley and Lyell still expressed various reservations but gave strong support, as did many others, particularly younger naturalists. Gray and Lyell sought reconciliation with faith, while Huxley portrayed a polarisation between religion and science. He campaigned pugnaciously against the authority of the clergy in education,<ref name=Darwinanddesign /> aiming to overturn the dominance of clergymen and aristocratic amateurs under Owen in favour of a new generation of professional scientists. Owen's claim that brain anatomy proved humans to be a separate [[order (biology)|biological order]] from apes was shown to be false by Huxley in a long running dispute parodied by Kingsley as the "[[Great Hippocampus Question]]", and discredited Owen.<ref>{{Harvnb|Browne|2002|pp=156–159}}</ref> − − Letter from Charles Darwin to [[John Burdon-Sanderson]] − − 查尔斯 · 达尔文给[约翰 · 伯顿-桑德森]的信 − − − − [[Darwinism]] became a movement covering a wide range of evolutionary ideas. In 1863 Lyell's ''[[Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man]]'' popularised prehistory, though his caution on evolution disappointed Darwin. Weeks later Huxley's ''[[Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature]]'' showed that anatomically, humans are apes, then ''[[The Naturalist on the River Amazons]]'' by [[Henry Walter Bates]] provided empirical evidence of natural selection.<ref name=B217>{{harvnb|Browne|2002|pp=217–226}}</ref> Lobbying brought Darwin Britain's highest scientific honour, the Royal Society's [[Copley Medal]], awarded on 3 November 1864.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-4652.html|title=Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 4652 – Falconer, Hugh to Darwin, C. R., 3 Nov (1864)|accessdate=1 December 2008|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205084616/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-4652.html|archivedate=5 December 2008}}</ref> That day, Huxley held the first meeting of what became the influential "[[X Club]]" devoted to "science, pure and free, untrammelled by religious dogmas".<ref name=Letter4807>{{cite web|url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-4807.html#mark-4807.f8|title=Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 4807 – Hooker, J. D. to Darwin, C. R., (7–8 Apr 1865)|accessdate=1 December 2008|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205084621/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-4807.html#mark-4807.f8|archivedate=5 December 2008}}</ref> By the end of the decade most scientists agreed that evolution occurred, but only a minority supported Darwin's view that the chief mechanism was natural selection.<ref>{{harvnb|Bowler|2003|p=196}}</ref> − − − − Despite repeated bouts of illness during the last twenty-two years of his life, Darwin's work continued. Having published On the Origin of Species as an abstract of his theory, he pressed on with experiments, research, and writing of his "big book". He covered human descent from earlier animals including evolution of society and of mental abilities, as well as explaining decorative beauty in wildlife and diversifying into innovative plant studies. − − 尽管在他生命的最后二十二年里反复发病，达尔文的工作仍在继续。在出版了他的理论的物种起源一年的摘要之后，他继续进行实验，研究，并写下了他的“大书”。他涵盖了人类从早期动物的进化，包括社会和心智能力的进化，以及解释野生动物的装饰美和多样化进入创新的植物研究。 − − The ''Origin of Species'' was translated into many languages, becoming a staple scientific text attracting thoughtful attention from all walks of life, including the "working men" who flocked to Huxley's lectures.<ref>{{harvnb|Desmond|Moore|1991|pp=507–508}}<br />{{Harvnb|Browne|2002|pp=128–129, 138}}</ref> Darwin's theory also resonated with various movements at the time{{Ref label|E|V|none}} and became a key fixture of popular culture.{{Ref label|F|VI|none}} Cartoonists parodied animal ancestry in an old tradition of showing humans with animal traits, and in Britain these droll images served to popularise Darwin's theory in an unthreatening way. While ill in 1862 Darwin began growing a beard, and when he reappeared in public in 1866 caricatures of him as an [[ape]] helped to identify all forms of [[evolutionism]] with Darwinism.<ref name=b373>{{harvnb|Browne|2002|pp=373–379}}</ref> − − − − Enquiries about insect pollination led in 1861 to novel studies of wild orchids, showing adaptation of their flowers to attract specific moths to each species and ensure cross fertilisation. In 1862 Fertilisation of Orchids gave his first detailed demonstration of the power of natural selection to explain complex ecological relationships, making testable predictions. As his health declined, he lay on his sickbed in a room filled with inventive experiments to trace the movements of climbing plants. Admiring visitors included Ernst Haeckel, a zealous proponent of Darwinismus incorporating Lamarckism and Goethe's idealism. Wallace remained supportive, though he increasingly turned to Spiritualism. − − 对昆虫授粉的调查在1861年引发了对野生兰花的新研究，显示了它们的花适应性，以吸引特定的蛾子到每个品种，并确保交叉受精。1862年，《兰花受精》第一次详细展示了自然选择的力量，用以解释复杂的生态关系，并作出了可检验的预测。随着他的健康状况日益恶化，他躺在病床上，房间里摆满了创造性的实验品，用来追踪攀缘植物的活动轨迹。欣赏他的游客包括恩斯特 · 海克尔，他是达尔文主义的狂热支持者，结合了拉马克主义和歌德的理想主义。华莱士仍然支持，尽管他逐渐转向唯心论。
→Responses to publication
===Responses to publication===
===Responses to publication===
[[文件:Charles Darwin by Julia Margaret Cameron 2|缩略图|右|1868年，达尔文一家在怀特岛小屋中度假，期间朱莉娅·玛格丽特·卡梅隆Julia Margaret Cameron拍摄了其肖像，显示达尔文在1862年至1866年间长出了浓密的胡须。]]
[[文件:Editorial cartoon depicting Charles Darwin as an ape (1871).jpg|缩略图|右|1871年的漫画，在《人类的由来》出版后，市面上出现了很多表现达尔文和猿猴合体的漫画，以突出他在主流文化中，作为进化论主要作者的特别。]]
[[File:Charles Darwin by Julia Margaret Cameron 2.jpg|thumb|alt=Three quarter length portrait of sixty-year-old man, balding, with white hair and long white bushy beard, with heavy eyebrows shading his eyes looking thoughtfully into the distance, wearing a wide lapelled jacket.|During the Darwin family's 1868 holiday in her [[Isle of Wight]] cottage, [[Julia Margaret Cameron]] took portraits showing the bushy beard Darwin grew between 1862 and 1866.]]
===''Descent of Man'', sexual selection, and botany===
===''Descent of Man'', sexual selection, and botany===