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→Evolutionary social movements 进化社会运动
达尔文对表兄弟弗朗西斯·高尔顿Francis Galton在1865年提出的论点深感兴趣，弗朗西斯认为，通过遗传的统计分析，可以表明道德和精神上的人类特征可以被继承，并且动物繁殖的原理也可以适用于人类。达尔文在《人类的由来》中指出，帮助弱者生存并使之拥有家庭，可能会失去自然选择带来的好处，但他又警告说，拒绝提供援助将磨灭人类同情的本性，即“我们本性中最崇高的部分”，他认为诸如教育之类的因素可能更为重要。当高尔顿建议发表其研究成果以鼓励“有天赋的人”之间通婚时，达尔文预见了实际的困难，这是“唯一可行的方案，但我担心的是乌托邦式的，改善人类进程的计划会因此产生”。他宁愿简单地宣传继承的重要性，而将决定权留给个人。弗朗西斯·高尔顿在1883年将这一研究领域命名为“优生学”。达尔文去世后，他的理论被引用来促进优生政策。
达尔文对表兄弟弗朗西斯·高尔顿Francis Galton在1865年提出的论点深感兴趣，弗朗西斯认为，通过遗传的统计分析，可以表明道德和精神上的人类特征可以被继承，并且动物繁殖的原理也可以适用于人类。达尔文在《人类的由来》中指出，帮助弱者生存并使之拥有家庭，可能会失去自然选择带来的好处，但他又警告说，拒绝提供援助将磨灭人类同情的本性，即“我们本性中最崇高的部分”，他认为诸如教育之类的因素可能更为重要。当高尔顿建议发表其研究成果以鼓励“有天赋的人”之间通婚时，达尔文预见了实际的困难，这是“唯一可行的方案，但我担心的是乌托邦式的，改善人类进程的计划会因此产生”。他宁愿简单地宣传继承的重要性，而将决定权留给个人。弗朗西斯·高尔顿在1883年将这一研究领域命名为“优生学”。达尔文去世后，他的理论被引用来促进优生政策。
== Evolutionary social movements 进化社会运动 ==
== Evolutionary social movements 社会进化论运动 ==
[[文件:VanityFair-Darwin2.jpg|缩略图|右|1871年《名利场》上的达尔文漫画]]
[[文件:VanityFair-Darwin2.jpg|缩略图|右|1871年《名利场》上的达尔文漫画]]
{{Further|Darwinism|Eugenics|Social Darwinism}}
Darwin's fame and popularity led to his name being associated with ideas and movements that, at times, had only an indirect relation to his writings, and sometimes went directly against his express comments.
Darwin's fame and popularity led to his name being associated with ideas and movements that, at times, had only an indirect relation to his writings, and sometimes went directly against his express comments.
达尔文的名气和声望使他的名字经常与思想及运动联系在一起，这些思想及运动有时与他的著作仅具有间接关系，有时却与他的评论直接背道而驰。
Thomas Malthus had argued that [[Malthusian catastrophe|population growth beyond resources]] was ordained by God to get humans to [[Protestant work ethic|work productively]] and show restraint in getting families; this was used in the 1830s to justify [[workhouse]]s and [[laissez-faire economics]].<ref name=wm>{{harvnb|Wilkins|1997}}<br />{{Harvnb|Moore|2006}}</ref> Evolution was by then seen as having social implications, and [[Herbert Spencer]]'s 1851 book ''Social Statics'' based ideas of human freedom and individual liberties on his Lamarckian evolutionary theory.<ref>{{Harvnb|Sweet|2004}}</ref>
Thomas Malthus had argued that population growth beyond resources was ordained by God to get humans to work productively and show restraint in getting families; this was used in the 1830s to justify workhouses and laissez-faire economics.[204] Evolution was by then seen as having social implications, and Herbert Spencer's 1851 book Social Statics based ideas of human freedom and individual liberties on his Lamarckian evolutionary theory.
托马斯·马尔萨斯认为，上帝命令人口增长超过资源供给，是为了使人类更有生产力地工作，并在束缚家庭方面表现出克制。这在1830年代用于证明工作场所和自由放任经济学的合理性。那时，进化论被认为具有社会意义，赫伯特·斯宾塞Herbert Spencer在1851年的著作《'''<font color="#ff8000"> 社会静力学Social Statics </font>'''》中以拉马克进化论为基础，阐述了人类自由和个人自由的思想。
Soon after the ''Origin'' was published in 1859, critics derided his description of a struggle for existence as a Malthusian justification for the English industrial capitalism of the time. The term ''Darwinism'' was used for the evolutionary ideas of others, including Spencer's "[[survival of the fittest]]" as free-market progress, and [[Ernst Haeckel]]'s [[polygenism|polygenistic]] ideas of [[Ernst Haeckel#Polygenism and racial theory|human development]]. Writers used natural selection to argue for various, often contradictory, ideologies such as laissez-faire dog-eat-dog capitalism, [[colonialism]] and [[New Imperialism|imperialism]]. However, Darwin's holistic view of nature included "dependence of one being on another"; thus [[pacifism|pacifists]], socialists, liberal social reformers and anarchists such as [[Peter Kropotkin]] stressed the value of co-operation over struggle within a species.<ref>{{Harvnb|Paul|2003|pp=223–225}}</ref> Darwin himself insisted that social policy should not simply be guided by concepts of struggle and selection in nature.<ref>{{Harvnb|Bannister|1989}}</ref>
Soon after the Origin was published in 1859, critics derided his description of a struggle for existence as a Malthusian justification for the English industrial capitalism of the time. The term Darwinism was used for the evolutionary ideas of others, including Spencer's "survival of the fittest" as free-market progress, and Ernst Haeckel's polygenistic ideas of human development. Writers used natural selection to argue for various, often contradictory, ideologies such as laissez-faire dog-eat-dog capitalism, colonialism and imperialism. However, Darwin's holistic view of nature included "dependence of one being on another"; thus pacifists, socialists, liberal social reformers and anarchists such as Peter Kropotkin stressed the value of co-operation over struggle within a species.[206] Darwin himself insisted that social policy should not simply be guided by concepts of struggle and selection in nature.
《物种起源》在1859年出版后不久，批评家们嘲笑他将生存斗争描述为当时英国工业资本主义的马尔萨斯主义辩护。后来达尔文主义一词开始用于进化思想，包括斯宾塞Spencer的“适者生存”作为自由市场的进步，以及恩斯特·海克尔Ernst Haeckel的人类发展多元论。作家利用自然选择来主张各种经常相互矛盾的意识形态，例如放任自由 “狗吃狗”的资本主义，殖民主义和帝国主义。然而，达尔文的整体自然观包括了“一个人对另一个人的依赖”。因此，和平主义者，社会主义者，自由社会改革者和无政府主义者（例如彼得·克罗波特金Peter Kropotkin）都强调了合作对于物种内部斗争的价值。达尔文本人坚称，社会政策不应仅仅以斗争和自然选择的观念为指导。
After the 1880s, a eugenics movement developed on ideas of biological inheritance, and for scientific justification of their ideas appealed to some concepts of Darwinism. In Britain, most shared Darwin's cautious views on voluntary improvement and sought to encourage those with good traits in "positive eugenics". During the "Eclipse of Darwinism", a scientific foundation for eugenics was provided by [[Mendelian inheritance|Mendelian]] [[genetics]]. Negative eugenics to remove the "feebleminded" were popular in America, Canada and Australia, and [[eugenics in the United States]] introduced [[compulsory sterilisation]] laws, followed by several other countries. Subsequently, [[Nazi eugenics]] brought the field into disrepute.{{Ref label|H|VIII|2}}
After the 1880s, a eugenics movement developed on ideas of biological inheritance, and for scientific justification of their ideas appealed to some concepts of Darwinism. In Britain, most shared Darwin's cautious views on voluntary improvement and sought to encourage those with good traits in "positive eugenics". During the "Eclipse of Darwinism", a scientific foundation for eugenics was provided by Mendelian genetics. Negative eugenics to remove the "feebleminded" were popular in America, Canada and Australia, and eugenics in the United States introduced compulsory sterilisation laws, followed by several other countries. Subsequently, Nazi eugenics brought the field into disrepute.
1880年代后期，优生运动发展了生物遗传学的思想，并为他们的思想提供了科学依据，从而吸引了达尔文主义的某些观念。在英国，大多数人赞同达尔文对自愿改善的谨慎态度，并试图鼓励那些具有“积极优生”特征的人。在“达尔文主义的消亡”期间，孟德尔遗传学为优生学提供了科学基础。在美国，加拿大和澳大利亚，反向优生学开始除去“笨拙”的一代，并使之变成主流。美国的优生拥护者甚至颁布了强制性绝育法，随后又引入了其他几个国家。不过随后，纳粹优生学使该领域声名狼藉。
The term "[[Social Darwinism]]" was used infrequently from around the 1890s, but became popular as a derogatory term in the 1940s when used by [[Richard Hofstadter]] to attack the [[laissez-faire]] conservatism of those like [[William Graham Sumner]] who opposed reform and socialism. Since then, it has been used as a term of abuse by those opposed to what they think are the moral consequences of evolution.<ref>{{Harvnb|Paul|2003}}<br />{{Harvnb|Kotzin|2004}}</ref><ref name=wm />
The term "Social Darwinism" was used infrequently from around the 1890s, but became popular as a derogatory term in the 1940s when used by Richard Hofstadter to attack the laissez-faire conservatism of those like William Graham Sumner who opposed reform and socialism. Since then, it has been used as a term of abuse by those opposed to what they think are the moral consequences of evolution.
“社会达尔文主义”一词在1890年代左右很少使用，但在1940年代作为贬义词而流行，由理查德·霍夫施塔特Richard Hofstadter用来抨击自由放任的保守主义派，像是威廉·格雷厄姆·萨姆纳William Graham Sumner一样反对改革和社会主义的人。从那时起，它就被那些反对者滥用，因为他们认为进化论会导致严重的道德后果。
==Works==
==Works==