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第66行： − 开放系统有输入和输出流，即与其周围环境物质、能量或者信息的交换。+ − − − :There are natural and human-made (designed) systems. Natural systems may not have an apparent objective but their behavior can be interpreted as purposeful by an observer. Human-made systems are made with variable purposes that are achieved by some action performed by or with the system. The parts of a system must be related; they must be "designed to work as a coherent entity" — otherwise they would be two or more distinct systems. − − There are natural and human-made (designed) systems. Natural systems may not have an apparent objective but their behavior can be interpreted as purposeful by an observer. Human-made systems are made with variable purposes that are achieved by some action performed by or with the system. The parts of a system must be related; they must be "designed to work as a coherent entity" — otherwise they would be two or more distinct systems. − − 第80行：
第73行： − − − :Most systems are [[Open system (thermodynamics)|open systems]], exchanging matter and energy with its surroundings; like a car, a [[coffeemaker]], or [[Earth]]. A [[closed system]] exchanges energy, but not matter, with its environment; like a computer or the project [[Biosphere 2]]. An [[isolated system]] exchanges neither matter nor energy with its environment. A theoretical example of such system is the [[Universe]]. − − Most systems are open systems, exchanging matter and energy with its surroundings; like a car, a coffeemaker, or Earth. A closed system exchanges energy, but not matter, with its environment; like a computer or the project Biosphere 2. An isolated system exchanges neither matter nor energy with its environment. A theoretical example of such system is the Universe. − 第91行：
第78行： − − :An [[open system (systems theory)|open system]] can also be viewed as a bounded transformation process, that is, a [[black box]] that is a process or collection of processes that transforms inputs into outputs. Inputs are consumed; outputs are produced. The concept of input and output here is very broad. For example, an output of a passenger ship is the movement of people from departure to destination. − An open system can also be viewed as a bounded transformation process, that is, a black box that is a process or collection of processes that transforms inputs into outputs. Inputs are consumed; outputs are produced. The concept of input and output here is very broad. For example, an output of a passenger ship is the movement of people from departure to destination. − + − − --[[用户:Stefanie|Stefanie]]（[[用户讨论:Stefanie |讨论]]） 【审校】"[[系统模型 system model]]是描述和反映所有这些视图模式的前提。"改为“所有这些试图需要[[系统模型 system model]]来描述和反映。” − :A system comprises [[view model|multiple views]]. Man-made systems may have such views as [[concept]], [[systems analysis|analysis]], [[Systems design|design]], [[implementation]], deployment, structure, behavior, input data, and output data views. A [[system model]] is required to describe and represent all these views. − − A system comprises multiple views. Man-made systems may have such views as concept, analysis, design, implementation, deployment, structure, behavior, input data, and output data views. A system model is required to describe and represent all these views. − :[[系统架构 systems architecture]]是用一个单一的集成模型来描述[[视图模式 view model|多种视图 multiple views]]，是一种[[系统模型 system model]]。+ − − --[[用户:Stefanie|Stefanie]]（[[用户讨论:Stefanie |讨论]]） 【审校】语句不通，此句全部重新组织，改为：“:[[系统架构 systems architecture]]是一种[[系统模型 system model]]，它用一个单一的集成模型来描述[[视图模式 view model|多种视图 multiple views]]。” − − :A [[systems architecture]], using one single integrated model for the description of [[view model|multiple views]], is a kind of [[system model]]. − − A systems architecture, using one single integrated model for the description of multiple views, is a kind of system model. − − 第125行：
第96行： + − A ''subsystem'' is a set of elements, which is a system itself, and a component of a larger system. The IBM Mainframe ''Job Entry Subsystem'' family ([[JES1]], [[JES2]], [[JES3]], and their [[Houston Automatic Spooling Priority|HASP]]/[[Attached Support Processor|ASP]] predecessors) are examples. The main ''elements'' they have in common are the components that handle input, scheduling, spooling and output; they also have the ability to interact with local and remote operators.+ − − A subsystem is a set of elements, which is a system itself, and a component of a larger system. The IBM Mainframe Job Entry Subsystem family (JES1, JES2, JES3, and their HASP/ASP predecessors) are examples. The main elements they have in common are the components that handle input, scheduling, spooling and output; they also have the ability to interact with local and remote operators. − − 子系统表述为一个系统对象，该系统对象包含定义了系统所控制操作环境的特征的信息。<ref>IBM's definition @ http://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/ssw_i5_54/rzaks/rzakssbsd.htm</ref>数据测试用于验证各个子系统配置数据的准确性（例如MA长度、静态速度曲线、…），有一个单个子系统关联了这些子系统，以测试其特定应用（SA）。<ref>{{Cite book|title=European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC) - EN 50128|last=|first=|publisher=CENELEC|year=2011|isbn=|location=Brussels, Belgium|pages=Table A.11 – Data Préparation Techniques (8.4)}}</ref> − − --[[用户:Stefanie|Stefanie]]（[[用户讨论:Stefanie |讨论]]） 【审校】“ 有一个单个子系统关联了这些子系统，以测试其特定应用（SA）。”改为“它们和单个子系统关联，以测试其具体应用。” − A subsystem description is a system object that contains information defining the characteristics of an operating environment controlled by the system.<ref>IBM's definition @ http://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/ssw_i5_54/rzaks/rzakssbsd.htm</ref> The Data tests are performed to verify the correctness of the individual subsystem configuration data (e.g. MA Length, Static Speed Profile, …) and they are related to a single subsystem in order to test its Specific Application (SA).<ref>{{Cite book|title=European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC) - EN 50128|last=|first=|publisher=CENELEC|year=2011|isbn=|location=Brussels, Belgium|pages=Table A.11 – Data Préparation Techniques (8.4)}}</ref> − − A subsystem description is a system object that contains information defining the characteristics of an operating environment controlled by the system. The Data tests are performed to verify the correctness of the individual subsystem configuration data (e.g. MA Length, Static Speed Profile, …) and they are related to a single subsystem in order to test its Specific Application (SA).
→概念
[[File:OpenSystemRepresentation.svg|thumb|252px|“开放系统”有输入和输出流，即与其周围环境物质、能量或者信息的交换。]]
[[File:OpenSystemRepresentation.svg|thumb|252px|''Open systems'' have input and output flows, representing exchanges of matter, energy or information with their surroundings.]]
Open systems have input and output flows, representing exchanges of matter, energy or information with their surroundings.
Open systems have input and output flows, representing exchanges of matter, energy or information with their surroundings.
:大多数系统是与周围环境交换物质和能量的[[开放系统 (热力学) Open system (thermodynamics)|开放系统 open systems]]，例如[[汽车]]、[[咖啡机]]或[[地球]]。而[[封闭系统 closed system]]与其环境交换能量而非物质; 例如一台计算机或[[生物圈2号 Biosphere 2]]项目。一个[[孤立系统 isolated system]]与它的环境既不交换物质也不交换能量。这种系统的一个理论例子是[[宇宙 Universe]]。
:大多数系统是与周围环境交换物质和能量的[[开放系统 (热力学) Open system (thermodynamics)|开放系统 open systems]]，例如[[汽车]]、[[咖啡机]]或[[地球]]。而[[封闭系统 closed system]]与其环境交换能量而非物质; 例如一台计算机或[[生物圈2号 Biosphere 2]]项目。一个[[孤立系统 isolated system]]与它的环境既不交换物质也不交换能量。这种系统的一个理论例子是[[宇宙 Universe]]。
[[开放系统]]也可视为一个有界的转换过程，即输入转输出过程或过程集合的[[黑盒 black box]]。输入被消耗，并产生输出。这里说的输入和输出是非常广义的。例如一艘客轮的输出是乘客从出发地向目的地的移动。
[[开放系统]]也可视为一个有界的转换过程，即输入转输出过程或过程集合的[[黑盒 black box]]。输入被消耗，并产生输出。这里说的输入和输出是非常广义的。例如一艘客轮的输出是乘客从出发地向目的地的移动。
;系统模型 System model
;系统模型 System model
:系统有[[视图模式 view model|多种视图 multiple views]]。人造系统会具有如下等视图: [[概念 concept]]、[[系统分析 systems analysis|分析 analysis]]、[[系统设计 Systems design|设计 design]]、[[实现 implementation]]、部署、结构、行为、输入数据和输出数据。[[系统模型 system model]]是描述和反映所有这些视图模式的前提。
:系统有[[视图模式 view model|多种视图 multiple views]]。人造系统会具有如下等视图: [[概念 concept]]、[[系统分析 systems analysis|分析 analysis]]、[[系统设计 Systems design|设计 design]]、[[实现 implementation]]、部署、结构、行为、输入数据和输出数据。所有这些试图需要[[系统模型 system model]]来描述和反映。
;系统架构 Systems architecture
;系统架构 Systems architecture
“:[[系统架构 systems architecture]]是一种[[系统模型 system model]]，它用一个单一的集成模型来描述[[视图模式 view model|多种视图 multiple views]]。
子系统表述为一个系统对象，该系统对象包含定义了系统所控制操作环境的特征的信息。<ref>IBM's definition @ http://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/ssw_i5_54/rzaks/rzakssbsd.htm</ref>数据测试用于验证各个子系统配置数据的准确性（例如MA长度、静态速度曲线、…），它们和单个子系统关联，以测试其具体应用 Specific Application（SA）。<ref>{{Cite book|title=European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC) - EN 50128|last=|first=|publisher=CENELEC|year=2011|isbn=|location=Brussels, Belgium|pages=Table A.11 – Data Préparation Techniques (8.4)}}</ref>
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==分析 Analysis==
==分析 Analysis==