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Other branches of behavioral economics enrich the model of the utility function without implying inconsistency in preferences. Ernst Fehr, Armin Falk, and Rabin studied fairness, inequity aversion and reciprocal altruism, weakening the neoclassical assumption of perfect selfishness. This work is particularly applicable to wage setting. The work on "intrinsic motivation by Gneezy and Rustichini and "identity" by Akerlof and Kranton assumes that agents derive utility from adopting personal and social norms in addition to conditional expected utility. According to Aggarwal, in addition to behavioral deviations from rational equilibrium, markets are also likely to suffer from lagged responses, search costs, externalities of the commons, and other frictions making it difficult to disentangle behavioral effects in market behavior.

Other branches of behavioral economics enrich the model of the utility function without implying inconsistency in preferences. Ernst Fehr, Armin Falk, and Rabin studied fairness, inequity aversion and reciprocal altruism, weakening the neoclassical assumption of perfect selfishness. This work is particularly applicable to wage setting. The work on "intrinsic motivation by Gneezy and Rustichini and "identity" by Akerlof and Kranton assumes that agents derive utility from adopting personal and social norms in addition to conditional expected utility. According to Aggarwal, in addition to behavioral deviations from rational equilibrium, markets are also likely to suffer from lagged responses, search costs, externalities of the commons, and other frictions making it difficult to disentangle behavioral effects in market behavior.

行为经济学的其他分支丰富了效用函数模型，但并不蕴含偏好的不一致性。恩斯特·费尔 Ernst Fehr、阿明·福柯 Armin Falk和 拉宾 Rabin 研究了公平、'''<font color = 'ff8000'>不公平厌恶inequity aversion</font>'''和'''<font color = 'ff8000'>互惠利他reciprocal altruism</font>'''，削弱了新古典主义中'''<font color = 'ff8000'>完美自私perfect selfishness</font>'''的假设。这项工作特别适用于工资确定这一问题。Gneezy 、 Rustichini 关于“'''<font color = 'ff8000'>内在动机intrinsic motivation</font>'''”和 Akerlof 、 Kranton 关于“'''<font color = 'ff8000'>认同identity</font>'''”的工作都假定，主体除了从'''<font color = 'ff8000'>条件期望效用conditional expected utility</font>'''中获得效用以外，也会从个人和社会规范中获得效用。根据埃格瓦尔 Aggarwal的观点，除了行为偏离'''<font color = 'ff8000'>合理均衡rational equilibrium</font>'''，市场还可能受到'''<font color = 'ff8000'>响应滞后 lagged responses</font>'''，'''<font color = 'ff8000'>搜索成本search costs</font>'''，'''<font color = 'ff8000'>极端情况externalities of the commons</font>'''以及其他'''<font color = '32cd32'>冲突frictions</font>'''的影响，这使研究者难以从市场行为中区分'''<font color = '32cd32'>（个人的）</font>''''''<font color = 'ff8000'>行为效应behavioral effect</font>'''<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Aggarwal|first1=Raj|title=Animal Spirits in Financial Economics: A Review of Deviations from Economic Rationality|journal=International Review of Financial Analysis|date=2014|volume=32|issue=1|pages=179–87|doi=10.1016/j.irfa.2013.07.018}}</ref>

行为经济学的其他分支丰富了效用函数模型，但并不蕴含偏好的不一致性。恩斯特·费尔 Ernst Fehr、阿明·福柯 Armin Falk和 拉宾 Rabin 研究了公平、'''<font color = 'ff8000'>不公平厌恶inequity aversion</font>'''和'''<font color = 'ff8000'>互惠利他reciprocal altruism</font>'''，削弱了新古典主义中'''<font color = 'ff8000'>完美自私perfect selfishness</font>'''的假设。这项工作特别适用于工资确定这一问题。Gneezy 、 Rustichini 关于“'''<font color = 'ff8000'>内在动机intrinsic motivation</font>'''”和 Akerlof 、 Kranton 关于“'''<font color = 'ff8000'>认同identity</font>'''”的工作都假定，主体除了从'''<font color = 'ff8000'>条件期望效用conditional expected utility</font>'''中获得效用以外，也会从个人和社会规范中获得效用。根据埃格瓦尔 Aggarwal的观点，除了行为偏离'''<font color = 'ff8000'>合理均衡rational equilibrium</font>'''，市场还可能受到'''<font color = 'ff8000'>响应滞后 lagged responses</font>'''，'''<font color = 'ff8000'>搜索成本search costs</font>'''，'''<font color = 'ff8000'>极端情况externalities of the commons</font>'''以及其他'''<font color = 'ff8000'>冲突frictions</font>'''的影响，这使研究者难以从市场行为中区分'''<font color = 'ff8000'>（个人的）</font>''''''<font color = 'ff8000'>行为效应behavioral effect</font>'''<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Aggarwal|first1=Raj|title=Animal Spirits in Financial Economics: A Review of Deviations from Economic Rationality|journal=International Review of Financial Analysis|date=2014|volume=32|issue=1|pages=179–87|doi=10.1016/j.irfa.2013.07.018}}</ref>

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Nudge is a concept in behavioral science, political theory and economics which proposes positive reinforcement and indirect suggestions as ways to influence the behavior and decision making of groups or individuals. Nudging contrasts with other ways to achieve compliance, such as education, legislation or enforcement. The concept has influenced British and American politicians. Several nudge units exist around the world at the national level (UK, Germany, Japan and others) as well as at the international level (OECD, World Bank, UN).

Nudge is a concept in behavioral science, political theory and economics which proposes positive reinforcement and indirect suggestions as ways to influence the behavior and decision making of groups or individuals. Nudging contrasts with other ways to achieve compliance, such as education, legislation or enforcement. The concept has influenced British and American politicians. Several nudge units exist around the world at the national level (UK, Germany, Japan and others) as well as at the international level (OECD, World Bank, UN).

'''<font color = 'ff8000'>“助推”Nudge</font>'''是行为科学、政治理论和经济学中的一个概念，该理论提出'''<font color = 'ff8000'>正强化positive reinforcement</font>'''和'''<font color = 'ff8000'>间接暗示indirect suggestions</font>'''可以影响群体或个体行为与决策。“助推”与其他实现'''<font color = 'ff8000'>依从compliance</font>'''的方式，比如教育、立法或执法，形成了鲜明对比。这个概念已经影响了英国和美国的政治家。在世界各地，国家层面（英国、德国、日本和其他国家）和国际层面（经济合作与发展组织OECD、世界银行、联合国），都存在一些'''<font color = '32cd32'>“助推”单位nudge units</font>'''。

'''<font color = 'ff8000'>“助推”Nudge</font>'''是行为科学、政治理论和经济学中的一个概念，该理论提出'''<font color = 'ff8000'>正强化positive reinforcement</font>'''和'''<font color = 'ff8000'>间接暗示indirect suggestions</font>'''可以影响群体或个体行为与决策。“助推”与其他实现'''<font color = 'ff8000'>依从compliance</font>'''的方式，比如教育、立法或执法，形成了鲜明对比。这个概念已经影响了英国和美国的政治家。在世界各地，国家层面（英国、德国、日本和其他国家）和国际层面（经济合作与发展组织OECD、世界银行、联合国），都存在一些'''<font color = 'ff8000'> “助推”单位nudge units</font>'''。

In 2008, the United States appointed Sunstein, who helped develop the theory, as administrator of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs.

In 2008, the United States appointed Sunstein, who helped develop the theory, as administrator of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs.

2008年，美国任命帮助完善该理论的Sunstein为'''<font color = 'ff8000'>信息和管理事务办公室Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs</font>'''的管理员<ref name=speak>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/blog/2008/aug/22/davidcameron.conservatives|title=Speak 'Nudge': The 10 key phrases from David Cameron's favorite book|author=Andrew Sparrow|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=2008-08-22|accessdate=2009-09-09 | location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/career_and_jobs/article4330267.ece|title=Why Barack Obama and David Cameron are keen to 'nudge' you|newspaper=[[The Times]]|author=Carol Lewis |date=2009-07-22|accessdate=2009-09-09 | location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.spectator.co.uk/the-magazine/features/839676/nudge-nudge-meet-the-cameroons-new-guru.thtml|title=Nudge, nudge: meet the Cameroons' new guru|magazine=[[The Spectator]]|author=James Forsyth|date=2009-07-16|accessdate=2009-09-09|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124222449/http://www.spectator.co.uk/the-magazine/features/839676/nudge-nudge-meet-the-cameroons-new-guru.thtml|archivedate=2009-01-24}}</ref>

2008年，美国任命帮助完善该理论的Sunstein为信息和管理事务办公室Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs的管理员<ref name=speak>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/blog/2008/aug/22/davidcameron.conservatives|title=Speak 'Nudge': The 10 key phrases from David Cameron's favorite book|author=Andrew Sparrow|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=2008-08-22|accessdate=2009-09-09 | location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/career_and_jobs/article4330267.ece|title=Why Barack Obama and David Cameron are keen to 'nudge' you|newspaper=[[The Times]]|author=Carol Lewis |date=2009-07-22|accessdate=2009-09-09 | location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.spectator.co.uk/the-magazine/features/839676/nudge-nudge-meet-the-cameroons-new-guru.thtml|title=Nudge, nudge: meet the Cameroons' new guru|magazine=[[The Spectator]]|author=James Forsyth|date=2009-07-16|accessdate=2009-09-09|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124222449/http://www.spectator.co.uk/the-magazine/features/839676/nudge-nudge-meet-the-cameroons-new-guru.thtml|archivedate=2009-01-24}}</ref>

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Notable applications of nudge theory include the formation of the British Behavioural Insights Team in 2010. It is often called the "Nudge Unit", at the British Cabinet Office, headed by David Halpern.

Notable applications of nudge theory include the formation of the British Behavioural Insights Team in 2010. It is often called the "Nudge Unit", at the British Cabinet Office, headed by David Halpern.

“助推”理论的主要应用包括2010年'''<font color = 'ff8000'>英国行为洞察小组British Behavioural Insights Team</font>'''的成立。它从属于戴维·哈珀恩David Halpern领导的'''<font color = 'ff8000'>英国内阁办公室British Cabinet Office</font>'''，常被称为“'''<font color = 'ff8000'>“助推”小组Nudge Unit</font>'''” <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.behaviouralinsights.co.uk/about-us/|title=Who we are |website = The Behavioural Insights Team}}</ref>

“助推”理论的主要应用包括2010年英国行为洞察小组British Behavioural Insights Team的成立。它从属于戴维·哈珀恩David Halpern领导的英国内阁办公室British Cabinet Office，常被称为“'''<font color = 'ff8000'>“助推”小组Nudge Unit</font>'''” <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.behaviouralinsights.co.uk/about-us/|title=Who we are |website = The Behavioural Insights Team}}</ref>

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In Australia, the government of New South Wales established a Behavioural Insights community of practice.

In Australia, the government of New South Wales established a Behavioural Insights community of practice.

在澳大利亚，新南威尔士州政府建立了一个'''<font color = 'ff8000'>行为洞察实践社区Behavioural Insights community of practice</font>'''<ref>{{cite web |url= http://bi.dpc.nsw.gov.au/|title=Behavioural Insights|publisher =Department of Premier and Cabinet|website=bi.dpc.nsw.gov.au}}</ref>。

在澳大利亚，新南威尔士州政府建立了一个行为洞察实践社区Behavioural Insights community of practice<ref>{{cite web |url= http://bi.dpc.nsw.gov.au/|title=Behavioural Insights|publisher =Department of Premier and Cabinet|website=bi.dpc.nsw.gov.au}}</ref>。

Behavioral economists such as Bob Sugden have pointed out that the underlying normative benchmark of nudging is still homo economicus, despite the proponents' claim to the contrary.

Behavioral economists such as Bob Sugden have pointed out that the underlying normative benchmark of nudging is still homo economicus, despite the proponents' claim to the contrary.

Bob Sugden等行为经济学家指出，”助推”的基准仍然是'''<font color = 'ff8000'>经济人homo economicus</font>'''——'''<font color = '32cd32'>尽管该理论的支持者认为恰恰相反despite the proponents' claim to the contrary。</font>'''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sugden|first=Robert|date=2017-06-01|title=Do people really want to be nudged towards healthy lifestyles?|journal=International Review of Economics|language=en|volume=64|issue=2|pages=113–123|doi=10.1007/s12232-016-0264-1|issn=1865-1704|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Bob Sugden等行为经济学家指出，”助推”的基准仍然是'''<font color = 'ff8000'>经济人homo economicus</font>'''——尽管该理论的支持者认为恰恰相反。<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sugden|first=Robert|date=2017-06-01|title=Do people really want to be nudged towards healthy lifestyles?|journal=International Review of Economics|language=en|volume=64|issue=2|pages=113–123|doi=10.1007/s12232-016-0264-1|issn=1865-1704|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Behavioral game theory, invented by [[Colin Camerer]], analyzes interactive [[Strategy (game theory)|strategic]] decisions and behavior using the [[methodology|methods]] of [[game theory]],<ref>{{cite web |first=Robert |last=Auman |authorlink=Robert Aumann|title=Game Theory |url=http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/articleid=pde2008_G000007&q=game%20theory&topicid=&result_number=3}} in {{harvnb|Palgrave|ref=Palgrave}}</ref> [[Experimental economics#Experimental topics|experimental economics]], and [[experimental psychology]]. Experiments include testing deviations from typical simplifications of economic theory such as the [[Independence of irrelevant alternatives|independence axiom]]<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Camerer | first1 = Colin | last2 = Ho | first2 = Teck-Hua | author-link1 = Colin Camerer | title = Violations of the betweenness axiom and nonlinearity in probability | journal = Journal of Risk and Uncertainty | volume = 8 | issue = 2 | pages = 167–96 | date = March 1994 | ref = harv | doi=10.1007/bf01065371}}</ref> and neglect of [[altruism]],<ref>{{cite web |first=James |last=Andreoni |title=Altruism in experiments |url=http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde008_A000240&edition=current&q=altruism%20game&topicid=&result_number=2 |display-authors=etal}} in {{harvnb|Palgrave|ref=Palgrave}}</ref> [[Fair division|fairness]],<ref>{{cite web |first=H. Peyton |last=Young |authorlink=H. Peyton Young |title=Social norms

Behavioral game theory, invented by [[Colin Camerer]], analyzes interactive [[Strategy (game theory)|strategic]] decisions and behavior using the [[methodology|methods]] of [[game theory]],<ref>{{cite web |first=Robert |last=Auman |authorlink=Robert Aumann|title=Game Theory |url=http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/articleid=pde2008_G000007&q=game%20theory&topicid=&result_number=3}} in {{harvnb|Palgrave|ref=Palgrave}}</ref> [[Experimental economics#Experimental topics|experimental economics]], and [[experimental psychology]]. Experiments include testing deviations from typical simplifications of economic theory such as the [[Independence of irrelevant alternatives|independence axiom]]<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Camerer | first1 = Colin | last2 = Ho | first2 = Teck-Hua | author-link1 = Colin Camerer | title = Violations of the betweenness axiom and nonlinearity in probability | journal = Journal of Risk and Uncertainty | volume = 8 | issue = 2 | pages = 167–96 | date = March 1994 | ref = harv | doi=10.1007/bf01065371}}</ref> and neglect of [[altruism]],<ref>{{cite web |first=James |last=Andreoni |title=Altruism in experiments |url=http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde008_A000240&edition=current&q=altruism%20game&topicid=&result_number=2 |display-authors=etal}} in {{harvnb|Palgrave|ref=Palgrave}}</ref> [[Fair division|fairness]],<ref>{{cite web |first=H. Peyton |last=Young |authorlink=H. Peyton Young |title=Social norms

Behavioral game theory, invented by Colin Camerer, analyzes interactive strategic decisions and behavior using the methods of game theory, experimental economics, and experimental psychology. Experiments include testing deviations from typical simplifications of economic theory such as the independence axiom and neglect of altruism, fairness,<ref>{{cite web |first=H. Peyton |last=Young |authorlink=H. Peyton Young |title=Social norms

Behavioral game theory, invented by Colin Camerer, analyzes interactive strategic decisions and behavior using the methods of game theory, experimental economics, and experimental psychology. Experiments include testing deviations from typical simplifications of economic theory such as the independence axiom and neglect of altruism, fairness,<ref>{{cite web |first=H. Peyton |last=Young |authorlink=H. Peyton Young |title=Social norms|url=http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_S000466&edition=current&q=fairness%20game%20&topicid=&result_number=1 }} in {{harvnb|Palgrave|ref=Palgrave}}</ref>

'''<font color = 'ff8000'>行为博弈论Behavioral game theory</font>'''由科林·卡梅勒 Colin Camerer发明，运用博弈论<ref>{{cite web |first=Robert |last=Auman |authorlink=Robert Aumann|title=Game Theory |url=http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/articleid=pde2008_G000007&q=game%20theory&topicid=&result_number=3}} in {{harvnb|Palgrave|ref=Palgrave}}</ref>、实验经济学和实验心理学的方法分析'''<font color = 'ff8000'>交互式战略决策interactive strategic decisions</font>'''和行为。实验包括检验典型的经济理论简化的偏差，如'''<font color = 'ff8000'>独立公理independence axiom</font>'''<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Camerer | first1 = Colin | last2 = Ho | first2 = Teck-Hua | author-link1 = Colin Camerer | title = Violations of the betweenness axiom and nonlinearity in probability | journal = Journal of Risk and Uncertainty | volume = 8 | issue = 2 | pages = 167–96 | date = March 1994 | ref = harv | doi=10.1007/bf01065371}}</ref>和忽视'''<font color = 'ff8000'>利他主义altruism</font>'''<ref>{{cite web |first=James |last=Andreoni |title=Altruism in experiments |url=http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde008_A000240&edition=current&q=altruism%20game&topicid=&result_number=2 |display-authors=etal}} in {{harvnb|Palgrave|ref=Palgrave}}</ref>、'''<font color = 'ff8000'>公平公正fairness</font>'''<ref>{{cite web |first=H. Peyton |last=Young |authorlink=H. Peyton Young |title=Social norms|url=http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_S000466&edition=current&q=fairness%20game%20&topicid=&result_number=1 }} in {{harvnb|Palgrave|ref=Palgrave}}</ref>，

'''<font color = 'ff8000'>行为博弈论Behavioral game theory</font>'''由科林·卡梅勒 Colin Camerer发明，运用博弈论<ref>{{cite web |first=Robert |last=Auman |authorlink=Robert Aumann|title=Game Theory |url=http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/articleid=pde2008_G000007&q=game%20theory&topicid=&result_number=3}} in {{harvnb|Palgrave|ref=Palgrave}}</ref>、实验经济学和实验心理学的方法分析'''<font color = 'ff8000'>交互式战略决策interactive strategic decisions</font>'''和行为。实验包括检验典型的经济理论简化的偏差，如'''<font color = 'ff8000'>独立公理independence axiom</font>'''<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Camerer | first1 = Colin | last2 = Ho | first2 = Teck-Hua | author-link1 = Colin Camerer | title = Violations of the betweenness axiom and nonlinearity in probability | journal = Journal of Risk and Uncertainty | volume = 8 | issue = 2 | pages = 167–96 | date = March 1994 | ref = harv | doi=10.1007/bf01065371}}</ref>和忽视'''<font color = 'ff8000'>利他主义altruism</font>'''<ref>{{cite web |first=James |last=Andreoni |title=Altruism in experiments |url=http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde008_A000240&edition=current&q=altruism%20game&topicid=&result_number=2 |display-authors=etal}} in {{harvnb|Palgrave|ref=Palgrave}}</ref>、'''<font color = 'ff8000'>公平公正fairness</font>'''<ref>{{cite web |first=H. Peyton |last=Young |authorlink=H. Peyton Young |title=Social norms|url=http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_S000466&edition=current&q=fairness%20game%20&topicid=&result_number=1 }} in {{harvnb|Palgrave|ref=Palgrave}}</ref>，

Experimental economics is the application of experimental methods, including statistical, econometric, and computational, to study economic questions. Data collected in experiments are used to estimate effect size, test the validity of economic theories, and illuminate market mechanisms. Economic experiments usually use cash to motivate subjects, in order to mimic real-world incentives. Experiments are used to help understand how and why markets and other exchange systems function as they do. Experimental economics have also expanded to understand institutions and the law (experimental law and economics).

Experimental economics is the application of experimental methods, including statistical, econometric, and computational, to study economic questions. Data collected in experiments are used to estimate effect size, test the validity of economic theories, and illuminate market mechanisms. Economic experiments usually use cash to motivate subjects, in order to mimic real-world incentives. Experiments are used to help understand how and why markets and other exchange systems function as they do. Experimental economics have also expanded to understand institutions and the law (experimental law and economics).

实验经济学通过运用统计学、'''<font color = 'ff8000'>计量经济学econometric</font>'''和'''<font color = '32cd32'>计算经济学computational</font>'''<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Roth | first1 = Alvin E. | authorlink = Alvin E. Roth | year = 2002 | title = The Economist as Engineer: Game Theory, Experimentation, and Computation as Tools for Design Economics | url = http://kuznets.fas.harvard.edu/~aroth/papers/engineer.pdf | format = PDF | journal = Econometrica | volume = 70 | issue = 4| pages = 1341–1378 | doi = 10.1111/1468-0262.00335 }}</ref>等实验方法来研究经济问题。实验中收集的数据被用于估计效果量，检验经济理论的有效性，以及阐明市场机制。经济实验通常使用现金来激励受试者，以模拟现实世界的激励。这些实验被用来解读市场和其他交易系统是如何以及为何这样运作的。实验经济学还被扩展到机构组织和法律（'''<font color = 'ff8000'>实验法律experimental law</font>'''和经济学）的研究中去<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = See | first1 =  | authorlink2 = Kristoffel Grechenig | last2 = Grechenig | first2 = K. | last3 = Nicklisch | first3 = A. | last4 = Thöni | first4 = C. | year = 2010 | title = Punishment despite reasonable doubt—a public goods experiment with sanctions under uncertainty | url = http://ssrn.com/abstract=1586775 | journal = Journal of Empirical Legal Studies | volume = 7 | issue = 4| pages = 847–867 }}</ref>。

实验经济学通过运用统计学、'''<font color = 'ff8000'>计量经济学econometric</font>'''和'''<font color = 'ff8000'>计算经济学computational</font>'''<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Roth | first1 = Alvin E. | authorlink = Alvin E. Roth | year = 2002 | title = The Economist as Engineer: Game Theory, Experimentation, and Computation as Tools for Design Economics | url = http://kuznets.fas.harvard.edu/~aroth/papers/engineer.pdf | format = PDF | journal = Econometrica | volume = 70 | issue = 4| pages = 1341–1378 | doi = 10.1111/1468-0262.00335 }}</ref>等实验方法来研究经济问题。实验中收集的数据被用于估计效果量，检验经济理论的有效性，以及阐明市场机制。经济实验通常使用现金来激励受试者，以模拟现实世界的激励。这些实验被用来解读市场和其他交易系统是如何以及为何这样运作的。实验经济学还被扩展到机构组织和法律（'''<font color = 'ff8000'>实验法律experimental law</font>'''和经济学）的研究中去<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = See | first1 =  | authorlink2 = Kristoffel Grechenig | last2 = Grechenig | first2 = K. | last3 = Nicklisch | first3 = A. | last4 = Thöni | first4 = C. | year = 2010 | title = Punishment despite reasonable doubt—a public goods experiment with sanctions under uncertainty | url = http://ssrn.com/abstract=1586775 | journal = Journal of Empirical Legal Studies | volume = 7 | issue = 4| pages = 847–867 }}</ref>。

A fundamental aspect of the subject is [[design of experiments]].  Experiments may be conducted in the [[Field experiments|field]] or in laboratory settings, whether of [[Experimental psychology|individual]] or [[Social psychology|group]] behavior.<ref>• [[Vernon L. Smith]], 2008a. "experimental methods in economics," ''[[The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics]]'', 2nd Edition, [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_E000186&q=Experimental%20economics&topicid=&result_number=2 Abstract.]

A fundamental aspect of the subject is [[design of experiments]].  Experiments may be conducted in the [[Field experiments|field]] or in laboratory settings, whether of [[Experimental psychology|individual]] or [[Social psychology|group]] behavior.<ref>• [[Vernon L. Smith]], 2008a. "experimental methods in economics," ''[[The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics]]'', 2nd Edition, [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_E000186&q=Experimental%20economics&topicid=&result_number=2 Abstract.]

A fundamental aspect of the subject is design of experiments.  Experiments may be conducted in the field or in laboratory settings, whether of individual or group behavior.<ref>• Vernon L. Smith, 2008a. "experimental methods in economics," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition, [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_E000186&q=Experimental%20economics&topicid=&result_number=2 Abstract.]

A fundamental aspect of the subject is design of experiments.  Experiments may be conducted in the field or in laboratory settings, whether of individual or group behavior.