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第28行： − 传统的经济发展理论无法解释各种产品类型在一国经济绩效中的作用。传统观点认为，工业化会对新产品产生“溢出”效应，从而促进后续增长。然而，这个想法并没有被纳入任何正式的经济模型。解释一个国家经济的两种主要方法要么侧重于该国资本和其他生产要素的相对比例，要么侧重于技术能力的差异及其基础。这些理论没有抓住产品之间固有的共性，这无疑有助于一个国家的增长模式。产品空间》提出了一个解决这个问题的新方法，形成了一个直观的想法，例如，一个出口香蕉的国家更有可能下一次出口芒果，而不是出口喷气式发动机。+ 第38行：
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→Background
==Background==
==Background==
背景
Conventional [[economic development]] theory has been unable to decipher the role of various product types in a country's economic performance.<ref>A. Hirschman, ''The Strategy of Economic Development'' (Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, 1958).</ref><ref>P. Rosenstein-Rodan, ''Econ. J'' '''53''', 202 (1943).</ref><ref>K. Matsuyama, ''J. Econ. Theory'' '''58''', 317 (1992).</ref> Traditional ideals suggest that [[industrialization]] causes a “spillover” effect to new products, fostering subsequent growth. This idea, however, had not been incorporated in any formal [[economic model]]s. The two prevailing approaches explaining a country's economy focus on either the country's relative proportion of capital and other productive factors<ref>E. Heckscher, B. Ohlin, ''Heckscher-Ohlin Trade Theory,'' H. Flam, M. Flanders, Eds. (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1991).</ref> or on differences in technological capabilities and what underlies them.<ref>P. Romer, ''J Polit. Econ.'' '''94''', 5 (1986).</ref> These theories fail to capture inherent commonalities among products, which undoubtedly contribute to a country's pattern of growth. The Product Space presents a novel approach to this problem, formalizing the intuitive idea that a country which [[export]]s bananas is more likely to next export mangoes than it is to export jet engines, for example.
Conventional [[economic development]] theory has been unable to decipher the role of various product types in a country's economic performance.<ref>A. Hirschman, ''The Strategy of Economic Development'' (Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, 1958).</ref><ref>P. Rosenstein-Rodan, ''Econ. J'' '''53''', 202 (1943).</ref><ref>K. Matsuyama, ''J. Econ. Theory'' '''58''', 317 (1992).</ref> Traditional ideals suggest that [[industrialization]] causes a “spillover” effect to new products, fostering subsequent growth. This idea, however, had not been incorporated in any formal [[economic model]]s. The two prevailing approaches explaining a country's economy focus on either the country's relative proportion of capital and other productive factors<ref>E. Heckscher, B. Ohlin, ''Heckscher-Ohlin Trade Theory,'' H. Flam, M. Flanders, Eds. (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1991).</ref> or on differences in technological capabilities and what underlies them.<ref>P. Romer, ''J Polit. Econ.'' '''94''', 5 (1986).</ref> These theories fail to capture inherent commonalities among products, which undoubtedly contribute to a country's pattern of growth. The Product Space presents a novel approach to this problem, formalizing the intuitive idea that a country which [[export]]s bananas is more likely to next export mangoes than it is to export jet engines, for example.
Conventional economic development theory has been unable to decipher the role of various product types in a country's economic performance. Traditional ideals suggest that industrialization causes a “spillover” effect to new products, fostering subsequent growth. This idea, however, had not been incorporated in any formal economic models. The two prevailing approaches explaining a country's economy focus on either the country's relative proportion of capital and other productive factors or on differences in technological capabilities and what underlies them. These theories fail to capture inherent commonalities among products, which undoubtedly contribute to a country's pattern of growth. The Product Space presents a novel approach to this problem, formalizing the intuitive idea that a country which exports bananas is more likely to next export mangoes than it is to export jet engines, for example.
Conventional economic development theory has been unable to decipher the role of various product types in a country's economic performance. Traditional ideals suggest that industrialization causes a “spillover” effect to new products, fostering subsequent growth. This idea, however, had not been incorporated in any formal economic models. The two prevailing approaches explaining a country's economy focus on either the country's relative proportion of capital and other productive factors or on differences in technological capabilities and what underlies them. These theories fail to capture inherent commonalities among products, which undoubtedly contribute to a country's pattern of growth. The Product Space presents a novel approach to this problem, formalizing the intuitive idea that a country which exports bananas is more likely to next export mangoes than it is to export jet engines, for example.
传统的'''<font color="#ff8000">经济发展 economic development</font>'''理论无法解释各种产品类型在一国经济绩效中的作用。传统观点认为，'''<font color="#ff8000">工业化 industrialization</font>'''会对新产品产生“溢出”效应，从而促进后续增长。然而，这个想法并没有被纳入任何正式的'''<font color="#ff8000">经济模型 economic model</font>'''。解释一个国家的经济，要么侧重于该国资本和其他生产要素的相对比例，要么侧重于技术能力的差异及其基础。这些理论都没有抓住产品之间固有的共性，这无疑有害于一个国家的增长模式。产品空间提出了一个解决这个问题的新方法，很直观地想，例如，一个出口香蕉的国家，下一次出口的产品更有可能是芒果，而不是喷气式发动机。
产品空间的概念可以通过以下方式概念化: 将一个产品视为一棵树，将所有产品的集合视为一片森林。一个国家由一系列企业组成ーー用这个比喻来说，就是猴子ーー它们开发产品，或者说在这里，生活在树上。对于猴子来说，生长的过程意味着从森林中较为贫瘠的地方搬到森林中较好的地方，因为那里的树很少结果。为了做到这一点，猴子们必须跳跃距离; 也就是说，重新调配(物理、人力和机构)资本来生产新产品。传统的经济理论忽视了森林的结构，认为总有一棵树伸手可及。然而，如果森林不是均匀的，就会有树木生长茂密的地区，猴子不必费多大力气就能够找到新的树木，而在稀疏的地区，跳到一棵新的树上是非常困难的。事实上，如果一些地区非常荒凉，猴子可能根本无法穿越森林。因此，森林的结构和猴子在森林中的位置决定了猴子的生长能力; 就经济而言，这种“产品空间”的拓扑结构影响一个国家开始生产新产品的能力。
产品空间的概念可以通过以下方式概念化: 将一个产品视为一棵树，将所有产品的集合视为一片森林。一个国家由一系列企业组成ーー用这个比喻来说，就是猴子ーー它们开发产品，或者说在这里，生活在树上。对于猴子来说，生长的过程意味着从森林中较为贫瘠的地方搬到森林中较好的地方，因为那里的树很少结果。为了做到这一点，猴子们必须跳跃距离; 也就是说，重新调配(物理、人力和机构)资本来生产新产品。传统的经济理论忽视了森林的结构，认为总有一棵树伸手可及。然而，如果森林不是均匀的，就会有树木生长茂密的地区，猴子不必费多大力气就能够找到新的树木，而在稀疏的地区，跳到一棵新的树上是非常困难的。事实上，如果一些地区非常荒凉，猴子可能根本无法穿越森林。因此，森林的结构和猴子在森林中的位置决定了猴子的生长能力; 就经济而言，这种“产品空间”的拓扑结构影响一个国家开始生产新产品的能力。
==Building the Product Space==
==Building the Product Space==