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# '''Indicative Conditional''': If it ''is'' raining right now, then Sally ''is'' inside.  

# '''Indicative Conditional''': If it ''is'' raining right now, then Sally ''is'' inside.  

# ''指示条件句'''： 如果现在正在下雨，那么Sally 就在里面。

# '''指示条件句'''： 如果现在正在下雨，那么Sally 就在里面（If it ''is'' raining right now, then Sally ''is'' inside）。

  Simple Past Counterfactual: If it was raining <!-- See discussion on talk page of "was" vs "were" --> right now, then Sally would be inside.

  Simple Past Counterfactual: If it was raining <!-- See discussion on talk page of "was" vs "were" --> right now, then Sally would be inside.

# ''简单过去反事实'''：如果现在正在下雨，那么Sally就会在里面。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=von Prince |first1=Kilu |date=2019 |title=Counterfactuality and past |url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10988-019-09259-6.pdf |journal=Linguistics and Philosophy |volume=42 |issue=6|pages=577–615 |doi=10.1007/s10988-019-09259-6 |s2cid=181778834 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last=Karawani |first=Hadil |date=2014 |title=The Real, the Fake, and the Fake Fake in Counterfactual Conditionals, Crosslinguistically |page=186 |publisher=Universiteit van Amsterdam |url=https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/1695453/142017_thesis.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Linguistic Society of America">{{cite conference |url=https://journals.linguisticsociety.org/proceedings/index.php/SALT/article/view/27.547 |title=Fake Perfect in X-Marked Conditionals |last1=Schulz |first1=Katrin |date=2017 |publisher=Linguistic Society of America |book-title=Proceedings from Semantics and Linguistic Theory. |pages=547–570 |conference= Semantics and Linguistic Theory.|doi=10.3765/salt.v27i0.4149|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Huddleston |first1=Rodney | last2=Pullum |first2=Geoff |date=2002 |title= The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521431460|pages=85–86}}</ref>

# '''一般过去时的反事实'''：如果现在正在下雨，那么Sally就会在里面（If it was raining right now, then Sally would be inside）。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=von Prince |first1=Kilu |date=2019 |title=Counterfactuality and past |url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10988-019-09259-6.pdf |journal=Linguistics and Philosophy |volume=42 |issue=6|pages=577–615 |doi=10.1007/s10988-019-09259-6 |s2cid=181778834 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last=Karawani |first=Hadil |date=2014 |title=The Real, the Fake, and the Fake Fake in Counterfactual Conditionals, Crosslinguistically |page=186 |publisher=Universiteit van Amsterdam |url=https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/1695453/142017_thesis.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Linguistic Society of America">{{cite conference |url=https://journals.linguisticsociety.org/proceedings/index.php/SALT/article/view/27.547 |title=Fake Perfect in X-Marked Conditionals |last1=Schulz |first1=Katrin |date=2017 |publisher=Linguistic Society of America |book-title=Proceedings from Semantics and Linguistic Theory. |pages=547–570 |conference= Semantics and Linguistic Theory.|doi=10.3765/salt.v27i0.4149|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Huddleston |first1=Rodney | last2=Pullum |first2=Geoff |date=2002 |title= The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521431460|pages=85–86}}</ref>

These conditionals differ in both form and meaning. The indicative conditional uses the present tense form "is" in both the "if" clause and the "then" clause. As a result, it conveys that the speaker is agnostic about whether it is raining. The counterfactual example uses the [[fake tense]] form "was" in the "if" clause and the [[modal verb|modal]] "would" in the "then" clause. As a result, it conveys that the speaker does not believe that it is raining.

These conditionals differ in both form and meaning. The indicative conditional uses the present tense form "is" in both the "if" clause and the "then" clause. As a result, it conveys that the speaker is agnostic about whether it is raining. The counterfactual example uses the [[fake tense]] form "was" in the "if" clause and the [[modal verb|modal]] "would" in the "then" clause. As a result, it conveys that the speaker does not believe that it is raining.

These conditionals differ in both form and meaning. The indicative conditional uses the present tense form "is" in both the "if" clause and the "then" clause. As a result, it conveys that the speaker is agnostic about whether it is raining. The counterfactual example uses the fake tense form "was" in the "if" clause and the modal "would" in the "then" clause. As a result, it conveys that the speaker does not believe that it is raining.

这些条件句在形式和意义上都不同。指示条件在“如果(if)”和 “那么(then)”两个从句中都使用现在时态is。因此，它传达了这样一种信息：说话人对是否下雨是不可知的。反事实的例句在“如果”从句中使用虚拟时态“was”，在“ then”句中使用情态“ would”。因此，它传达的信息是，说话人并不相信天在下雨。

 

这些条件句在形式和意义上都不同。直陈条件在 if 和 then 两个从句中都使用现在时态形式 is。因此，它传达了这样一种信息: 演讲者对是否下雨是不可知的。反事实例句在“如果”句中使用假的时态“ was”，在“ then”句中使用情态“ would”。因此，它传达的信息是，演讲者并不相信天在下雨。

 

 

English has several other grammatical forms whose meanings are sometimes included under the umbrella of counterfactuality. One is the [[pluperfect|past perfect]] counterfactual, which contrasts with indicatives and simple past counterfactuals in its use of pluperfect morphology:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Huddleston |first1=Rodney | last2=Pullum |first2=Geoff |date=2002 |title= The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=150 |isbn=978-0521431460}}</ref>

English has several other grammatical forms whose meanings are sometimes included under the umbrella of counterfactuality. One is the [[pluperfect|past perfect]] counterfactual, which contrasts with indicatives and simple past counterfactuals in its use of pluperfect morphology:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Huddleston |first1=Rodney | last2=Pullum |first2=Geoff |date=2002 |title= The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=150 |isbn=978-0521431460}}</ref>

# '''Past Perfect Counterfactual''': If it ''had been raining'' yesterday, then Sally ''would have been'' inside.

# '''Past Perfect Counterfactual''': If it ''had been raining'' yesterday, then Sally ''would have been'' inside.

Past Perfect Counterfactual: If it had been raining yesterday, then Sally would have been inside.

# '''过去完成时的反事实'''：如果昨天下了雨，那么Sally就会在里面(If it ''had been raining'' yesterday, then Sally ''would have been'' inside)。

 

 

 

Another kind of conditional uses the form "were", generally referred to as the irrealis or subjunctive form.<ref>There is no standard system of terminology for these grammatical forms in English. Pullum and Huddleston (2002, pp. 85-86) adopt the term "irrealis" for this morphological form, reserving the term "subjunctive" for the English clause type whose distribution more closely parallels that of morphological subjunctives in languages that have such a form.</ref>

Another kind of conditional uses the form "were", generally referred to as the irrealis or subjunctive form.<ref>There is no standard system of terminology for these grammatical forms in English. Pullum and Huddleston (2002, pp. 85-86) adopt the term "irrealis" for this morphological form, reserving the term "subjunctive" for the English clause type whose distribution more closely parallels that of morphological subjunctives in languages that have such a form.</ref>

Another kind of conditional uses the form "were", generally referred to as the irrealis or subjunctive form.

Another kind of conditional uses the form "were", generally referred to as the irrealis or subjunctive form.

 

 

# '''Irrealis Counterfactual''': If it ''were raining'' right now, then Sally ''would be'' inside.

# '''Irrealis Counterfactual''': If it ''were raining'' right now, then Sally ''would be'' inside.

Irrealis Counterfactual: If it were raining right now, then Sally would be inside.

# '''非现实反事实（Irrealis Counterfactual）'''：如果现在正在下雨，那么Sally应该在里面(If it ''were raining'' right now, then Sally ''would be'' inside)。

 

 

Past perfect and irrealis counterfactuals can undergo ''conditional inversion'':<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Bhatt |first=Rajesh|last2=Pancheva|first2=Roumyana |editor-last1=Everaert |editor-first1=Martin | editor-last2=van Riemsdijk |editor-first2=Henk |encyclopedia= |title=The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Syntax |url=https://people.umass.edu/bhatt/papers/bhatt-pancheva-cond.pdf |year=2006 |publisher=Wiley Blackwell |doi=10.1002/9780470996591.ch16}}</ref>

Past perfect and irrealis counterfactuals can undergo ''conditional inversion'':<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Bhatt |first=Rajesh|last2=Pancheva|first2=Roumyana |editor-last1=Everaert |editor-first1=Martin | editor-last2=van Riemsdijk |editor-first2=Henk |encyclopedia= |title=The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Syntax |url=https://people.umass.edu/bhatt/papers/bhatt-pancheva-cond.pdf |year=2006 |publisher=Wiley Blackwell |doi=10.1002/9780470996591.ch16}}</ref>

Past perfect and irrealis counterfactuals can undergo conditional inversion:

过去完成时和非现实的反事实可以进行条件倒置：<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Bhatt |first=Rajesh|last2=Pancheva|first2=Roumyana |editor-last1=Everaert |editor-first1=Martin | editor-last2=van Riemsdijk |editor-first2=Henk |encyclopedia= |title=The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Syntax |url=https://people.umass.edu/bhatt/papers/bhatt-pancheva-cond.pdf |year=2006 |publisher=Wiley Blackwell |doi=10.1002/9780470996591.ch16}}</ref>

 

 

 

# Were it raining, Sally would be inside.

# Were it raining, Sally would be inside.

Were it raining, Sally would be inside.

# 如果下雨的话，Sally就会在里面（Were it raining, Sally would be inside）。

 

# Had it rained, Sally would be inside.

# Had it rained, Sally would be inside.

Had it rained, Sally would be inside.

# 那时如果下雨的话，Sally就会在里面（Had it rained, Sally would be inside）。

 

 

 

=== Terminology ===

=== Terminology ===