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第302行： − − == The grammar of counterfactuality == − − − − Languages use different strategies for expressing counterfactuality. Some have a dedicated counterfactual [[morphemes]], while others recruit morphemes which otherwise express [[grammatical tense|tense]], [[grammatical aspect|aspect]], [[grammatical mood|mood]], or a combination thereof. Since the early 2000s, linguists, philosophers of language, and philosophical logicians have intensely studied the nature of this grammatical marking, and it continues to be an active area of study. − − − − === Fake tense === − − − − ==== Description ==== − − − − In many languages, counterfactuality is marked by [[past tense]] morphology.<ref name = "palmer">{{cite book |last=Palmer |first=Frank Robert |date=1986 |title=Mood and modality |publisher= Cambridge University Press}}</ref> Since these uses of the past tense do not convey their typical temporal meaning, they are called ''fake past'' or ''fake tense''.<ref name = "ingredients">{{cite journal |last1=Iatridou |first1=Sabine |date=2000 |title=The grammatical ingredients of counterfactuality |journal= Linguistic Inquiry |volume=31 |issue = 2|pages=231–270|doi=10.1162/002438900554352 |s2cid=57570935 |url=http://lingphil.mit.edu/papers/iatridou/counterfactuality.pdf}}</ref><ref name="portner">{{cite book |last=Portner |first=Paul |date=2009 |title=Modality |publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199292424}}</ref><ref name = "prolegomena">von Fintel, Kai; Iatridou, Sabine (2020). [https://semanticsarchive.net/Archive/zdjYTJjY/fintel-iatridou-2020-x.pdf Prolegomena to a Theory of X-Marking]. ''Manuscript''.</ref> English is one language which uses fake past to mark counterfactuality, as shown in the following [[minimal pair]].<ref>English fake past is sometimes erroneously referred to as "subjunctive", even though it is not the [[English subjunctive|subjunctive mood]].</ref> In the indicative example, the bolded words are present tense forms. In the counterfactual example, both words take their past tense form. This use of the past tense cannot have its ordinary temporal meaning, since it can be used with the adverb "tomorrow" without creating a contradiction.<ref name = palmer /><ref name = "ingredients">{{cite journal |last1=Iatridou |first1=Sabine |date=2000 |title=The grammatical ingredients of counterfactuality |journal= Linguistic Inquiry |volume=31 |issue = 2|pages=231–270|doi=10.1162/002438900554352 |s2cid=57570935 |url=http://lingphil.mit.edu/papers/iatridou/counterfactuality.pdf}}</ref><ref name="portner">{{cite book |last=Portner |first=Paul |date=2009 |title=Modality |publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199292424}}</ref><ref name = "prolegomena">von Fintel, Kai; Iatridou, Sabine (2020). [https://semanticsarchive.net/Archive/zdjYTJjY/fintel-iatridou-2020-x.pdf Prolegomena to a Theory of X-Marking]. ''Manuscript''.</ref> − − − − # Indicative: If Natalia '''leaves''' tomorrow, she '''will''' arrive on time. − − # Counterfactual: If Natalia '''left''' tomorrow, she '''would''' arrive on time. − − − − [[Hebrew language|Modern Hebrew]] is another language where counterfactuality is marked with a fake past morpheme:<ref name="karawani">{{cite thesis |last=Karawani |first=Hadil |date=2014 |title=The Real, the Fake, and the Fake Fake in Counterfactual Conditionals, Crosslinguistically |publisher=Universiteit van Amsterdam |url=https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/1695453/142017_thesis.pdf}}</ref> − − − − Category:Conditionals in linguistics − − 范畴: 语言学中的条件句 − − :: {| − − Category:Grammar − − 分类: 语法 − − | || im || Dani || '''haya''' || ba-bayit || maχa ɾ || '''hayinu''' || mevakRim || oto − − Category:Semantics − − 分类: 语义学 − − |- − − Category:Belief revision − − 类别: 信念修正 − − | || if || Dani || be.'''pst'''.3sm || in-home || tomorrow || be.'''pst'''.1pl || visit.ptc.pl || he.acc − − Category:Thought experiments − − 类别: 思维实验 − − |} 'If Dani had been home tomorrow, we would’ve visited him.' − − Category:Linguistic modality − − 类别: 情态 − − <noinclude> − − <small>This page was moved from [[wikipedia:en:Counterfactual conditional]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[反事实/edithistory]]</small></noinclude> − − [[Category:待整理页面]]
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Ginsberg(1986)提出了一种条件句的语义，它假定当前的信念形成了一组命题公式，考虑这些公式中与''A''一致的最大集合，并在每个集合中加入''A''。其理由是，这些最大集合中的每一个都代表了一种可能的信念状态，在这种状态下，''A''为真，且与原始状态尽可能相似。因此，当且仅当''B''在所有这些集合中都为真时，条件陈述句''A'' > ''B''才成立。
Ginsberg(1986)提出了一种条件句的语义，它假定当前的信念形成了一组命题公式，考虑这些公式中与''A''一致的最大集合，并在每个集合中加入''A''。其理由是，这些最大集合中的每一个都代表了一种可能的信念状态，在这种状态下，''A''为真，且与原始状态尽可能相似。因此，当且仅当''B''在所有这些集合中都为真时，条件陈述句''A'' > ''B''才成立。