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'''Counterfactual conditionals''' (also ''subjunctive'' or ''X-marked'') are [[conditional sentence]]s which discuss what would have been true under different circumstances, e.g. <!-- this is example is from Iatridou (2000), ex (47c) on p. 244 --> "If Peter believed in ghosts, he would be afraid to be here." Counterfactuals are contrasted with [[indicative conditionals|indicatives]], which are generally restricted to discussing open possibilities. Counterfactuals are characterized grammatically by their use of [[Counterfactual conditional#Fake tense|fake tense morphology]], which some languages use in combination with other kinds of [[Morphology (linguistics)|morphology]] including [[Counterfactual conditional#Fake aspect|aspect]] and [[Counterfactual conditional#mood|mood]].

'''Counterfactual conditionals''' (also ''subjunctive'' or ''X-marked'') are [[conditional sentence]]s which discuss what would have been true under different circumstances, e.g. <!-- this is example is from Iatridou (2000), ex (47c) on p. 244 --> "If Peter believed in ghosts, he would be afraid to be here." Counterfactuals are contrasted with [[indicative conditionals|indicatives]], which are generally restricted to discussing open possibilities. Counterfactuals are characterized grammatically by their use of [[Counterfactual conditional#Fake tense|fake tense morphology]], which some languages use in combination with other kinds of [[Morphology (linguistics)|morphology]] including [[Counterfactual conditional#Fake aspect|aspect]] and [[Counterfactual conditional#mood|mood]].

Counterfactuals are one of the most studied phenomena in [[philosophical logic]], [[formal semantics (natural language)|formal semantics]], and [[philosophy of language]]. They were first discussed as a problem for the [[material conditional]] analysis of conditionals, which treats them all as trivially true. Starting in the 1960s, philosophers and linguists developed the now-classic [[possible world]] approach, in which a counterfactual's truth hinges on its consequent holding at certain possible worlds where its antecedent holds. More recent formal analyses have treated them using tools such as [[causal model]]s and [[dynamic semantics]]. Other research has addressed their metaphysical, psychological, and grammatical underpinnings, while applying some of the resultant insights to fields including history, marketing, and epidemiology.

Counterfactuals are one of the most studied phenomena in [[philosophical logic]], [[formal semantics (natural language)|formal semantics]], and [[philosophy of language]]. They were first discussed as a problem for the [[material conditional]] analysis of conditionals, which treats them all as trivially true. Starting in the 1960s, philosophers and linguists developed the now-classic [[possible world]] approach, in which a counterfactual's truth hinges on its consequent holding at certain possible worlds where its antecedent holds. More recent formal analyses have treated them using tools such as [[causal model]]s and [[dynamic semantics]]. Other research has addressed their metaphysical, psychological, and grammatical underpinnings, while applying some of the resultant insights to fields including history, marketing, and epidemiology.