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'''Counterfactual conditionals''' (also ''subjunctive'' or ''X-marked'') are [[conditional sentence]]s which discuss what would have been true under different circumstances, e.g. <!-- this is example is from Iatridou (2000), ex (47c) on p. 244 --> "If Peter believed in ghosts, he would be afraid to be here." Counterfactuals are contrasted with [[indicative conditionals|indicatives]], which are generally restricted to discussing open possibilities. Counterfactuals are characterized grammatically by their use of [[Counterfactual conditional#Fake tense|fake tense morphology]], which some languages use in combination with other kinds of [[Morphology (linguistics)|morphology]] including [[Counterfactual conditional#Fake aspect|aspect]] and [[Counterfactual conditional#mood|mood]].

'''Counterfactual conditionals''' (also ''subjunctive'' or ''X-marked'') are [[conditional sentence]]s which discuss what would have been true under different circumstances, e.g. <!-- this is example is from Iatridou (2000), ex (47c) on p. 244 --> "If Peter believed in ghosts, he would be afraid to be here." Counterfactuals are contrasted with [[indicative conditionals|indicatives]], which are generally restricted to discussing open possibilities. Counterfactuals are characterized grammatically by their use of [[Counterfactual conditional#Fake tense|fake tense morphology]], which some languages use in combination with other kinds of [[Morphology (linguistics)|morphology]] including [[Counterfactual conditional#Fake aspect|aspect]] and [[Counterfactual conditional#mood|mood]].

'''<font color="#ff8000"> 反事实条件句 Counterfactual conditionals</font>'''（虚拟条件或X标记的）是用来讨论在不同情况下什么为真的的条件句。例如：如果彼得相信鬼魂的存在，他就会害怕来到这里。反事实句与指示句形成对比，后者一般只限于讨论开放的可能性。反事实动词的语法特征是使用虚拟时态语法，这种虚拟时态语法与时态和语态等其他语法结合使用。

'''<font color="#ff8000"> 反事实条件句 Counterfactual conditionals</font>'''（虚拟条件或X标记的）是用来讨论在不同情况下什么为真的的<font color="#ff8000"> 条件句 conditional sentence</font>。例如：如果彼得相信鬼魂的存在，他就会害怕来到这里。反事实句与指示句形成对比，后者一般只限于讨论开放的可能性。反事实动词的语法特征是使用虚拟时态语法，这种虚拟时态语法与时态和语态等其他语法结合使用。

Counterfactuals are one of the most studied phenomena in [[philosophical logic]], [[formal semantics (natural language)|formal semantics]], and [[philosophy of language]]. They were first discussed as a problem for the [[material conditional]] analysis of conditionals, which treats them all as trivially true. Starting in the 1960s, philosophers and linguists developed the now-classic [[possible world]] approach, in which a counterfactual's truth hinges on its consequent holding at certain possible worlds where its antecedent holds. More recent formal analyses have treated them using tools such as [[causal model]]s and [[dynamic semantics]]. Other research has addressed their metaphysical, psychological, and grammatical underpinnings, while applying some of the resultant insights to fields including history, marketing, and epidemiology.

Counterfactuals are one of the most studied phenomena in [[philosophical logic]], [[formal semantics (natural language)|formal semantics]], and [[philosophy of language]]. They were first discussed as a problem for the [[material conditional]] analysis of conditionals, which treats them all as trivially true. Starting in the 1960s, philosophers and linguists developed the now-classic [[possible world]] approach, in which a counterfactual's truth hinges on its consequent holding at certain possible worlds where its antecedent holds. More recent formal analyses have treated them using tools such as [[causal model]]s and [[dynamic semantics]]. Other research has addressed their metaphysical, psychological, and grammatical underpinnings, while applying some of the resultant insights to fields including history, marketing, and epidemiology.