:<math> Y \leftarrow X \rightarrow M \rightarrow Y \leftarrow U</math>
:<math> Y \leftarrow X \rightarrow M \rightarrow Y \leftarrow U</math>
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<font color="#32cd32"> the equations for calculating the values of A and C derived from regression analysis or another technique can be applied, substituting known values from an observation and fixing the value of other variables (the counterfactual)</font>