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[[File:SnowflakesWilsonBentley.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.20|The formation of complex symmetrical and [[fractal]] [[patterns in nature|patterns]] in [[snowflake]]s exemplifies emergence in a physical system.|链接=Special:FilePath/SnowflakesWilsonBentley.jpg]]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[[File:SnowflakesWilsonBentley.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.20|The formation of complex symmetrical and [[fractal]] [[patterns in nature|patterns]] in [[snowflake]]s exemplifies emergence in a physical system.]]

The formation of complex symmetrical and [[fractal patterns in snowflakes exemplifies emergence in a physical system.]]

The formation of complex symmetrical and [[fractal patterns in snowflakes exemplifies emergence in a physical system.]]

复杂对称的形成以及[科赫雪花中的分形图案说明了物理系统的涌现]

复杂对称的形成以及[科赫雪花中的分形图案说明了物理系统的涌现]

[[File:Termite Cathedral DSC03570.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.10|A [[termite]] "cathedral" mound produced by a [[termites|termite colony]] offers a classic example of emergence in [[nature]]]]

[[File:Termite Cathedral DSC03570.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.10|A [[termite]] "cathedral" mound produced by a [[termites|termite colony]] offers a classic example of emergence in [[nature]]|链接=Special:FilePath/Termite_Cathedral_DSC03570.jpg]]

A [[termite "cathedral" mound produced by a termite colony offers a classic example of emergence in nature]]

A [[termite "cathedral" mound produced by a termite colony offers a classic example of emergence in nature]]

一个由[白蚁聚居地制造的白蚁“大教堂”建筑高地为我们提供了一个涌现的经典例子]

一个由[白蚁聚居地制造的白蚁“大教堂”建筑高地为我们提供了一个涌现的经典例子]

In [[philosophy]], [[systems theory]], [[science]], and [[art]], '''emergence''' occurs when an entity is observed to have properties its parts do not have on their own. These properties or behaviors emerge only when the parts interact in a wider whole. For example, smooth forward motion emerges when a bicycle and its rider interoperate, but neither part can produce the behavior on their own.

In [[philosophy]], [[systems theory]], [[science]], and [[art]], '''emergence''' occurs when an entity is observed to have properties its parts do not have on their own. These properties or behaviors emerge only when the parts interact in a wider whole. For example, smooth forward motion emerges when a bicycle and its rider interoperate, but neither part can produce the behavior on their own.

In philosophy, systems theory, science, and art, emergence occurs when an entity is observed to have properties its parts do not have on their own. These properties or behaviors emerge only when the parts interact in a wider whole. For example, smooth forward motion emerges when a bicycle and its rider interoperate, but neither part can produce the behavior on their own.

In philosophy, systems theory, science, and art, emergence occurs when an entity is observed to have properties its parts do not have on their own. These properties or behaviors emerge only when the parts interact in a wider whole. For example, smooth forward motion emerges when a bicycle and its rider interoperate, but neither part can produce the behavior on their own.

 

 

 

 

Emergence plays a central role in theories of [[integrative level]]s and of [[complex system]]s. For instance, the phenomenon of ''[[life]]'' as studied in [[biology]] is an emergent property of [[chemistry]], and [[psychology|psychological]] phenomena emerge from the [[neurobiology|neurobiological]] phenomena of living things.

Emergence plays a central role in theories of [[integrative level]]s and of [[complex system]]s. For instance, the phenomenon of ''[[life]]'' as studied in [[biology]] is an emergent property of [[chemistry]], and [[psychology|psychological]] phenomena emerge from the [[neurobiology|neurobiological]] phenomena of living things.

Emergence plays a central role in theories of integrative levels and of complex systems. For instance, the phenomenon of life as studied in biology is an emergent property of chemistry, and psychological phenomena emerge from the neurobiological phenomena of living things.

Emergence plays a central role in theories of integrative levels and of complex systems. For instance, the phenomenon of life as studied in biology is an emergent property of chemistry, and psychological phenomena emerge from the neurobiological phenomena of living things.

 

 

 

 

In philosophy, theories that emphasize emergent properties have been called [[emergentism]]. Almost all accounts of emergentism include a form of [[epistemic]] or [[ontological]] irreducibility to the lower levels.<ref name=Wong/>

In philosophy, theories that emphasize emergent properties have been called [[emergentism]]. Almost all accounts of emergentism include a form of [[epistemic]] or [[ontological]] irreducibility to the lower levels.<ref name="Wong" />

In philosophy, theories that emphasize emergent properties have been called emergentism. Almost all accounts of emergentism include a form of epistemic or ontological irreducibility to the lower levels.

In philosophy, theories that emphasize emergent properties have been called emergentism. Almost all accounts of emergentism include a form of epistemic or ontological irreducibility to the lower levels.

 

Philosophers often understand emergence as a claim about the [[etiology]] of a [[system]]'s properties. An emergent property of a system, in this context, is one that is not a property of any component of that system, but is still a feature of the system as a whole. [[Nicolai Hartmann]] (1882-1950), one of the first modern philosophers to write on emergence, termed this a ''categorial novum'' (new category).

Philosophers often understand emergence as a claim about the [[etiology]] of a [[system]]'s properties. An emergent property of a system, in this context, is one that is not a property of any component of that system, but is still a feature of the system as a whole. [[Nicolai Hartmann]] (1882-1950), one of the first modern philosophers to write on emergence, termed this a ''categorial novum'' (new category).

Philosophers often understand emergence as a claim about the etiology of a system's properties. An emergent property of a system, in this context, is one that is not a property of any component of that system, but is still a feature of the system as a whole. Nicolai Hartmann (1882-1950), one of the first modern philosophers to write on emergence, termed this a categorial novum (new category).

Philosophers often understand emergence as a claim about the etiology of a system's properties. An emergent property of a system, in this context, is one that is not a property of any component of that system, but is still a feature of the system as a whole. Nicolai Hartmann (1882-1950), one of the first modern philosophers to write on emergence, termed this a categorial novum (new category).

哲学家通常把涌现理解为一种对系统特性的发生学的主张。在这个上下文中，系统的涌现特性不是系统的任何组件的属性，但仍然是整个系统的一个特征。尼古拉·哈特曼(1882-1950) ，首批写出涌现论的现代哲学家之一，把这种现象称为范畴新见习(新范畴)。

哲学家通常把涌现理解为一种对系统特性的发生学主张。在这个语境里，系统的涌现特性不是系统的任何组件的属性，但仍然是整个系统的一个特征。尼古拉·哈特曼 Nicolai Hartmann (1882-1950) ，首批写出涌现论的现代哲学家之一，把这种现象称为''categorial novum'' (新的范畴)。

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

This idea of emergence has been around since at least the time of [[Aristotle]].<ref name="Meta">Aristotle, ''[[Metaphysics (Aristotle)]]'', Book Η 1045a 8–10: "... the totality is not, as it were, a mere heap, but the whole is something besides the parts ...", i.e., the whole is other than the sum of the parts.</ref> The many scientists and philosophers<ref>Being Emergence vs. Pattern Emergence: Complexity, Control, and Goal-Directedness in Biological Systems

This idea of emergence has been around since at least the time of [[Aristotle]].<ref name="Meta">Aristotle, ''[[Metaphysics (Aristotle)]]'', Book Η 1045a 8–10: "... the totality is not, as it were, a mere heap, but the whole is something besides the parts ...", i.e., the whole is other than the sum of the parts.</ref> The many scientists and philosophers<ref>Being Emergence vs. Pattern Emergence: Complexity, Control, and Goal-Directedness in Biological Systems

哲学家 g· h·刘易斯(g. h. Lewes)在1875年创造了“涌现”(emergent)一词

哲学家 g· h·刘易斯 (g. h. Lewes) 在1875年创造了“涌现”(emergent)一词

<blockquote>Every resultant is either a sum or a difference of the co-operant forces; their sum, when their directions are the same – their difference, when their directions are contrary. Further, every resultant is clearly traceable in its components, because these are [[homogeneous]] and [[Commensurability (philosophy of science)|commensurable]]. It is otherwise with emergents, when, instead of adding measurable motion to measurable motion, or things of one kind to other individuals of their kind, there is a co-operation of things of unlike kinds. The emergent is unlike its components insofar as these are incommensurable, and it cannot be reduced to their sum or their difference.<ref>

<blockquote>Every resultant is either a sum or a difference of the co-operant forces; their sum, when their directions are the same – their difference, when their directions are contrary. Further, every resultant is clearly traceable in its components, because these are [[homogeneous]] and [[Commensurability (philosophy of science)|commensurable]]. It is otherwise with emergents, when, instead of adding measurable motion to measurable motion, or things of one kind to other individuals of their kind, there is a co-operation of things of unlike kinds. The emergent is unlike its components insofar as these are incommensurable, and it cannot be reduced to their sum or their difference.<ref>

/ 参考

/ 参考

</blockquote>

</blockquote>

由风或水形成的沙丘的波纹模式是自然界涌现结构的一个例子。

由风或水形成的沙丘的波纹模式是自然界涌现结构的一个例子。

[[File:Causeway-code poet-4.jpg|thumb|right|280px|[[Giant's Causeway]] in Northern Ireland is an example of a complex emergent structure.]]

[[File:Causeway-code poet-4.jpg|thumb|right|280px|[[Giant's Causeway]] in Northern Ireland is an example of a complex emergent structure.|链接=Special:FilePath/Causeway-code_poet-4.jpg]]

[[Giant's Causeway in Northern Ireland is an example of a complex emergent structure.]]

[[Giant's Causeway in Northern Ireland is an example of a complex emergent structure.]]

涌现结构可以在从物理到生物的许多自然现象中找到。例如，气象（比如飓风）的形状就是涌现结构。在导电的环境中（--[[用户:嘉树|嘉树]]（[[用户讨论:嘉树|讨论]]） conducive natural environment 导电的环境），由水分子的随机运动驱动复杂有序晶体的发展和生长，是涌现过程的另一个例子，在这种突发过程中，随机性可以产生复杂而具吸引力的有序结构。

涌现结构可以在从物理到生物的许多自然现象中找到。例如，气象（比如飓风）的形状就是涌现结构。在导电的环境中（--[[用户:嘉树|嘉树]]（[[用户讨论:嘉树|讨论]]） conducive natural environment 导电的环境），由水分子的随机运动驱动复杂有序晶体的发展和生长，是涌现过程的另一个例子，在这种突发过程中，随机性可以产生复杂而具吸引力的有序结构。

[[File:Water Crystals on Mercury 20Feb2010 CU1.jpg|thumb|280px|right|Water crystals forming on glass demonstrate an emergent, [[fractal]] process occurring under appropriate conditions of temperature and humidity.]] However, crystalline structure and hurricanes are said to have a self-organizing phase.

[[File:Water Crystals on Mercury 20Feb2010 CU1.jpg|thumb|280px|right|Water crystals forming on glass demonstrate an emergent, [[fractal]] process occurring under appropriate conditions of temperature and humidity.|链接=Special:FilePath/Water_Crystals_on_Mercury_20Feb2010_CU1.jpg]] However, crystalline structure and hurricanes are said to have a self-organizing phase.

Water crystals forming on glass demonstrate an emergent, [[fractal process occurring under appropriate conditions of temperature and humidity.]] However, crystalline structure and hurricanes are said to have a self-organizing phase.

Water crystals forming on glass demonstrate an emergent, [[fractal process occurring under appropriate conditions of temperature and humidity.]] However, crystalline structure and hurricanes are said to have a self-organizing phase.

[[File:Bangkok skytrain sunset.jpg|thumb|right|300px| Traffic patterns in cities can be seen as an example of [[spontaneous order]]城市的交通模式可以看作是[[自发秩序]]的一个例子{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}]]

[[File:Bangkok skytrain sunset.jpg|thumb|right|300px| Traffic patterns in cities can be seen as an example of [[spontaneous order]]城市的交通模式可以看作是[[自发秩序]]的一个例子{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}|链接=Special:FilePath/Bangkok_skytrain_sunset.jpg]]

Traffic patterns in cities can be seen as an example of [[spontaneous order]]

Traffic patterns in cities can be seen as an example of [[spontaneous order]]