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第3行： − + − − − '''Maxwell's demon''' is a [[thought experiment]] created by the physicist [[James Clerk Maxwell]] in 1867 in which he suggested how the [[second law of thermodynamics]] might hypothetically be violated.In the thought experiment, a [[Demon (thought experiment)|demon]] controls a small door between two compartments of gas. As individual gas molecules approach the door, the demon quickly opens and shuts the door so that only fast molecules are passed into one of the chambers, while only slow molecules are passed into the other. Because faster molecules are hotter, the demon's behaviour causes one chamber to warm up and the other to cool down, thereby decreasing [[entropy]] and violating the second law of thermodynamics. This thought experiment has provoked debate and theoretical work on the relation between thermodynamics and [[information theory]] extending to the present day, with a number of scientists arguing that theoretical considerations rule out any practical device violating the second law in this way. − − Maxwell's demon is a thought experiment created by the physicist James Clerk Maxwell in 1867 in which he suggested how the second law of thermodynamics might hypothetically be violated. In the thought experiment, a demon controls a small door between two compartments of gas. As individual gas molecules approach the door, the demon quickly opens and shuts the door so that only fast molecules are passed into one of the chambers, while only slow molecules are passed into the other. Because faster molecules are hotter, the demon's behaviour causes one chamber to warm up and the other to cool down, thereby decreasing entropy and violating the second law of thermodynamics. This thought experiment has provoked debate and theoretical work on the relation between thermodynamics and information theory extending to the present day, with a number of scientists arguing that theoretical considerations rule out any practical device violating the second law in this way. − − − − − The [[thought experiment]] first appeared in a letter [[James Clerk Maxwell|Maxwell]] wrote to [[Peter Guthrie Tait]] on 11 December 1867. It appeared again in a letter to [[John William Strutt]] in 1871, before it was presented to the public in Maxwell's 1872 book on [[thermodynamics]] titled ''Theory of Heat''.+ − − The thought experiment first appeared in a letter Maxwell wrote to Peter Guthrie Tait on 11 December 1867. It appeared again in a letter to John William Strutt in 1871, before it was presented to the public in Maxwell's 1872 book on thermodynamics titled Theory of Heat. − − 1867年12月11日，Maxwell在写给彼得·格思里·泰特 Peter Guthrie Tait的一封信中首次提出了这个假想实验。Maxwell在1871年写给约翰·威廉·斯特鲁特 John William Strutt 的信中再次提到该试验，后来在Maxwell 1872年出版的热力学书籍《热理论》（Theory of Heat）中公之于众。<ref name=Leff>[[#Leff Rex 02|Leff & Rex (2002)]], p. 370.</ref>
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[[File:Maxwell's demon.svg|right|340px|thumb|麦克斯韦妖假想实验示意图。]]
[[File:Maxwell's demon.svg|right|340px|thumb|麦克斯韦妖假想实验示意图。]]
'''<font color="#ff8000"> 麦克斯韦妖 Maxwell's demon</font>'''是英国物理学家[[詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦 James Clerk Maxwell]]于1867年为了说明违反'''<font color="#ff8000"> [[热力学第二定律 second law of thermodynamics]]</font>'''的可能性而设想的[[假想实验]]。在这个实验当中，一个妖怪控制着两个气体舱之间的一扇小门。当独立的气体分子接近门时，妖怪迅速的打开和关闭门，快速的分子进入其中的一个腔，慢速的分子进入另外一个腔。因为速度更快的分子温度更高，妖怪的动作导致一个腔室升温，另一个腔室降温，从而减少[[熵]]，违反了热力学第二定律。<ref>{{cite book |author=Cargill Gilston Knott |title=Life and Scientific Work of Peter Guthrie Tait |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1911 |pages=213–215 |chapter=Quote from undated letter from Maxwell to Tait | chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lifescientificwo00knotuoft#page/212/mode/2up}}</ref>这个假想实验引起了关于热力学和[[信息论]]之间关系的争论和理论工作，并一直延续到今天，一些科学家认为理论上的考虑排除了任何以这种方式违反第二定律的实际装置。
'''<font color="#ff8000"> 麦克斯韦妖 Maxwell's demon</font>'''是英国物理学家詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦 James Clerk Maxwell于1867年为了说明违反'''<font color="#ff8000"> 热力学第二定律 second law of thermodynamics</font>'''的可能性而设想的假想实验。在这个实验当中，一个妖怪控制着两个气体舱之间的一扇小门。当独立的气体分子接近门时，妖怪迅速的打开和关闭门，快速的分子进入其中的一个腔，慢速的分子进入另外一个腔。因为速度更快的分子温度更高，妖怪的动作导致一个腔室升温，另一个腔室降温，从而减少熵，违反了热力学第二定律。<ref>{{cite book |author=Cargill Gilston Knott |title=Life and Scientific Work of Peter Guthrie Tait |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1911 |pages=213–215 |chapter=Quote from undated letter from Maxwell to Tait | chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lifescientificwo00knotuoft#page/212/mode/2up}}</ref>这个假想实验引起了关于热力学和信息论之间关系的争论和理论工作，并一直延续到今天，一些科学家认为理论上的考虑排除了任何以这种方式违反第二定律的实际装置。
== 思想的起源和历史 ==
== 思想的起源和历史 ==
1867年12月11日，[[Maxwell]]在写给[[彼得·格思里·泰特 Peter Guthrie Tait]]的一封信中首次提出了这个[[假想实验]]。Maxwell在1871年写给[[约翰·威廉·斯特鲁特 John William Strutt]] 的信中再次提到该试验，后来在Maxwell 1872年出版的[[热力学]]书籍《热理论》（Theory of Heat）中公之于众。<ref name=Leff>[[#Leff Rex 02|Leff & Rex (2002)]], p. 370.</ref>