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玻尔兹曼最重要的科学贡献是在动力学理论上，包括推动应用麦克斯韦-玻尔兹曼分布描述气体中分子的速度。直至今日，麦克斯韦-玻尔兹曼统计和玻尔兹曼分布仍然是经典统计力学基石之一。他们也适用于解释其他不需要量子统计的现象，另外提供关于温度内涵的洞见。

玻尔兹曼最重要的科学贡献是在动力学理论上，包括推动应用麦克斯韦-玻尔兹曼分布描述气体中分子的速度。直至今日，麦克斯韦-玻尔兹曼统计和玻尔兹曼分布仍然是经典统计力学基石之一。他们也适用于解释其他不需要量子统计的现象，另外提供关于温度内涵的洞见。

[[File:Boltzmanns-molecule.jpg|225px|thumb|right|Boltzmann's 1898 I₂ molecule diagram showing atomic "sensitive region" (α, β) overlap.|链接=Special:FilePath/Boltzmanns-molecule.jpg]]

[[File:Boltzmanns-molecule.jpg|225px|thumb|right|Boltzmann's 1898 I₂ molecule diagram showing atomic "sensitive region" (α, β) overlap.

 

1898年玻尔兹曼所作碘分子示意图，其中原子“敏感区域”(α，β)发生重叠。|链接=Special:FilePath/Boltzmanns-molecule.jpg]]

[[History of chemistry#The dispute about atomism|Most]] [[chemistry|chemists]], since the discoveries of [[John Dalton]] in 1808, and [[James Clerk Maxwell]] in Scotland and [[Josiah Willard Gibbs]] in the United States, shared Boltzmann's belief in [[atom]]s and [[molecule]]s, but much of the [[physics]] establishment did not share this belief until decades later. Boltzmann had a long-running dispute with the editor of the preeminent German physics journal of his day, who refused to let Boltzmann refer to atoms and molecules as anything other than convenient [[Theory#Science|theoretical]] constructs. Only a couple of years after Boltzmann's death, [[Jean Baptiste Perrin|Perrin's]] studies of [[colloid]]al suspensions (1908–1909), based on [[Albert Einstein|Einstein's]] [[Albert Einstein#Thermodynamic fluctuations and statistical physics|theoretical studies]] of 1905, confirmed the values of [[Avogadro's number]] and [[Boltzmann constant|Boltzmann's constant]], convincing the world that the tiny particles [[Atomic theory#History|really exist]].

[[History of chemistry#The dispute about atomism|Most]] [[chemistry|chemists]], since the discoveries of [[John Dalton]] in 1808, and [[James Clerk Maxwell]] in Scotland and [[Josiah Willard Gibbs]] in the United States, shared Boltzmann's belief in [[atom]]s and [[molecule]]s, but much of the [[physics]] establishment did not share this belief until decades later. Boltzmann had a long-running dispute with the editor of the preeminent German physics journal of his day, who refused to let Boltzmann refer to atoms and molecules as anything other than convenient [[Theory#Science|theoretical]] constructs. Only a couple of years after Boltzmann's death, [[Jean Baptiste Perrin|Perrin's]] studies of [[colloid]]al suspensions (1908–1909), based on [[Albert Einstein|Einstein's]] [[Albert Einstein#Thermodynamic fluctuations and statistical physics|theoretical studies]] of 1905, confirmed the values of [[Avogadro's number]] and [[Boltzmann constant|Boltzmann's constant]], convincing the world that the tiny particles [[Atomic theory#History|really exist]].

==玻尔兹曼方程==

==玻尔兹曼方程==

[[File:Ludwig Boltzmann at U Vienna.JPG|thumb|Boltzmann's bust in the courtyard arcade of the main building, University of Vienna.|链接=Special:FilePath/Ludwig_Boltzmann_at_U_Vienna.JPG]]

[[File:Ludwig Boltzmann at U Vienna.JPG|thumb|Boltzmann's bust in the courtyard arcade of the main building, University of Vienna.玻尔兹曼的半身像陈列在维也纳大学主楼的庭院拱廊上。|链接=Special:FilePath/Ludwig_Boltzmann_at_U_Vienna.JPG]]

{{main|Boltzmann equation}}

{{main|Boltzmann equation}}

==玻尔兹曼：“热力学第二定律是无序定律”==

==玻尔兹曼：“热力学第二定律是无序定律”==

[[File:Zentralfriedhof Vienna - Boltzmann.JPG|thumb|right|Boltzmann's grave in the [[Zentralfriedhof]], Vienna, with bust and entropy formula.|链接=Special:FilePath/Zentralfriedhof_Vienna_-_Boltzmann.JPG]]

[[File:Zentralfriedhof Vienna - Boltzmann.JPG|thumb|right|Boltzmann's grave in the [[Zentralfriedhof]], Vienna, with bust and entropy formula.

 

位于维也纳中央墓园的玻尔兹曼之墓，墓碑上刻有熵公式|链接=Special:FilePath/Zentralfriedhof_Vienna_-_Boltzmann.JPG]]

The idea that the [[second law of thermodynamics]] or "entropy law" is a law of disorder (or that dynamically ordered states are "infinitely improbable") is due to Boltzmann's view of the second law of thermodynamics.

The idea that the [[second law of thermodynamics]] or "entropy law" is a law of disorder (or that dynamically ordered states are "infinitely improbable") is due to Boltzmann's view of the second law of thermodynamics.