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第2行： − + + − Social computing is an area of computer science that is concerned with the intersection of social behavior and computational systems. It is based on creating or recreating social conventions and social contexts through the use of software and technology. Thus, blogs, email, instant messaging, social network services, wikis, social bookmarking and other instances of what is often called social software illustrate ideas from social computing. + − − 社会计算是计算机科学的一个领域，它涉及到社会行为和计算系统的交叉。它基于通过使用软件和技术创造或再创造社会习俗和社会背景。因此，博客、电子邮件、社交即时通讯、社交网络服务、维基、社会性书签和其他社交软件的实例阐释了社交计算的思想。 − − − Social computing begins with the observation that humans—and human behavior—are profoundly social. From birth, humans orient to one another, and as they grow, they develop abilities for interacting with each other. This ranges from expression and gesture to spoken and written language. As a consequence, people are remarkably sensitive to the behavior of those around them and make countless decisions that are shaped by their social context. Whether it's wrapping up a talk when the audience starts fidgeting, choosing the crowded restaurant over the nearly deserted one, or crossing the street against the light because everyone else is doing so, social information provides a basis for inferences, planning, and coordinating activity. − − 社会计算始于对人类和人类行为深刻的社会性的观察。从出生开始，人类就相互定位，随着他们的成长，他们逐渐形成了相互交流的能力。这包括从表达和手势到口头和书面语言。因此，人们对周围人的行为非常敏感，他们会根据自己的社会背景做出无数的决定。无论是在听众开始坐立不安时结束演讲，选择拥挤的餐厅而不是几乎空无一人的餐厅，还是因为其他人都在这样做而逆着光穿过马路，社会信息为推论、计划和协调活动提供了基础。+ − The premise of 'Social Computing' is that it is possible to design digital systems that support useful functionality by making socially produced information available to their users. This information may be provided directly, as when systems show the number of users who have rated a review as helpful or not. Or the information may be provided after being filtered and aggregated, as is done when systems recommend a product based on what else people with similar purchase history have purchased. Alternatively, the information may be provided indirectly, as is the case with Google's page rank algorithms which orders search results based on the number of pages that (recursively) point to them. In all of these cases, information that is produced by a group of people is used to provide or enhance the functioning of a system. Social computing is concerned with systems of this sort and the mechanisms and principles that underlie them.+ − − 社交计算的前提是，通过向用户提供社交产生的信息，可以设计出支持有用功能的数字系统。这些信息可以直接提供，比如系统显示评价评论是否有用的用户数量。或者信息可能在被过滤和聚合之后被提供，就像系统根据其他有相似购买历史的人所购买的产品来推荐产品一样。或者，这些信息可以间接提供，就像谷歌的页面排名算法一样，这种算法根据(递归)指向它们的页面数量对搜索结果进行排序。在所有这些情况下，由一群人产生的信息被用来提供或增强系统的功能。社会计算关注的是这类系统以及它们背后的机制和原则。 − − Social computing can be defined as follows: 第41行：
第32行： − − PLATO may be the earliest example of social computing in a live production environment with initially hundreds and soon thousands of users, on the PLATO computer system based in the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign in 1973, when social software applications for multi-user chat rooms, group message forums, and instant messaging appeared all within that year. In 1974, email was made available as well as the world's first online newspaper called NewsReport, which supported content submitted by the user community as well as written by editors and reporters. − − Social computing has to do with supporting "computations" that are carried out by groups of people, an idea that has been popularized in James Surowiecki's book, The Wisdom of Crowds. Examples of social computing in this sense include collaborative filtering, online auctions, prediction markets, reputation systems, computational social choice, tagging, and verification games. The social information processing page focuses on this sense of social computing.
无编辑摘要
{{Short description|Area of computer science}}
{{Short description|Area of computer science}}
'''Social computing''' is an area of [[computer science]] that is concerned with the intersection of [[social behavior]] and computational systems. It is based on creating or recreating social conventions and social contexts through the use of software and technology. Thus, [[blogs]], [[email]], [[instant messaging]], [[social network services]], [[wikis]], [[social bookmarking]] and other instances of what is often called [[social software]] illustrate ideas from social computing.
'''Social computing''' is an area of [[computer science]] that is concerned with the intersection of [[social behavior]] and computational systems. It is based on creating or recreating social conventions and social contexts through the use of software and technology. Thus, [[blogs]], [[email]], [[instant messaging]], [[social network services]], [[wikis]], [[social bookmarking]] and other instances of what is often called [[social software]] illustrate ideas from social computing.
社会计算是指社会行为和计算系统交叉融合而成的计算机科学的研究领域。它的基础是通过使用软件和技术创造或再创造社会习俗和社会情境（也即使用信息系统作为社会交互的场所，并使用信息系统作为数据收集和处理的空间）。因此，博客、电子邮件、社交即时通讯、社交网络服务、维基、社交书签和其他经常被称为社交软件的实例阐释了社会计算的思想。
== History 起源与历史 ==
== History ==
Social computing begins with the observation that humans—and human behavior—are profoundly social. From birth, humans orient to one another, and as they grow, they develop abilities for interacting with each other. This ranges from expression and gesture to spoken and written language. As a consequence, people are remarkably sensitive to the behavior of those around them and make countless decisions that are shaped by their social context. Whether it's wrapping up a talk when the audience starts fidgeting, choosing the crowded restaurant over the nearly deserted one, or crossing the street against the light because everyone else is doing so, social information provides a basis for inferences, planning, and coordinating activity.
Social computing begins with the observation that humans—and human behavior—are profoundly social. From birth, humans orient to one another, and as they grow, they develop abilities for interacting with each other. This ranges from expression and gesture to spoken and written language. As a consequence, people are remarkably sensitive to the behavior of those around them and make countless decisions that are shaped by their social context. Whether it's wrapping up a talk when the audience starts fidgeting, choosing the crowded restaurant over the nearly deserted one, or crossing the street against the light because everyone else is doing so, social information provides a basis for inferences, planning, and coordinating activity.
社会计算始于这样的观察：人类和人类行为是深刻的社会性的。从出生开始，人类就相互定位，随着他们的成长，他们发展出与对方互动的能力。这些能力包括了表情和手势等非词语性身体符号以及口头和书面语言等词语性语言符号。因此，人们对周围人的行为保持高度敏感并由所处的社会情境形塑了无数的决定。无论是在听众开始坐立不安时结束演讲、选择拥挤的餐厅而不是几乎空无一人的餐厅，还是因为其他人都在闯红灯而过马路等社会情境中，社会信息都为推断、计划和协调人的活动提供了基础。
The premise of 'Social Computing' is that it is possible to design digital systems that support useful functionality by making socially produced information available to their users. This information may be provided directly, as when systems show the number of users who have rated a review as helpful or not. Or the information may be provided after being filtered and aggregated, as is done when systems recommend a product based on what else people with similar purchase history have purchased. Alternatively, the information may be provided indirectly, as is the case with Google's page rank algorithms which orders search results based on the number of pages that (recursively) point to them. In all of these cases, information that is produced by a group of people is used to provide or enhance the functioning of a system. Social computing is concerned with systems of this sort and the mechanisms and principles that underlie them.
The premise of 'Social Computing' is that it is possible to design digital systems that support useful functionality by making socially produced information available to their users. This information may be provided directly, as when systems show the number of users who have rated a review as helpful or not. Or the information may be provided after being filtered and aggregated, as is done when systems recommend a product based on what else people with similar purchase history have purchased. Alternatively, the information may be provided indirectly, as is the case with Google's page rank algorithms which orders search results based on the number of pages that (recursively) point to them. In all of these cases, information that is produced by a group of people is used to provide or enhance the functioning of a system. Social computing is concerned with systems of this sort and the mechanisms and principles that underlie them.
社会计算的前提假设是有可能通过向用户提供社会化信息以设计实现有效功能性的数字系统。这种信息可以直接提供，比如系统显示评价评论是否有用的用户数量。或者信息可能在被过滤和聚合之后被提供，就像系统根据其他有相似购买历史的人所购买的产品来推荐产品一样。或者，这些信息可以间接提供，就像谷歌的页面排名算法一样，这种算法根据(递归)指向它们的页面数量对搜索结果进行排序。在所有这些情况下，由一群人产生的信息被用来提供或增强系统的功能。社会计算关注的是这类系统以及它们背后的机制和原则。
Social computing can be defined as follows:
Social computing can be defined as follows:
[[PLATO (computer system)|PLATO]] may be the earliest example of social computing in a live production environment with initially hundreds and soon thousands of users, on the PLATO computer system based in the [[University of Illinois]] at Urbana Champaign in 1973, when social software applications for multi-user [[chat rooms]], group message [[Internet forum|forum]]s, and [[instant messaging]] appeared all within that year. In 1974, [[email]] was made available as well as the world's first online newspaper called NewsReport, which supported content submitted by the user community as well as written by editors and reporters.
[[PLATO (computer system)|PLATO]] may be the earliest example of social computing in a live production environment with initially hundreds and soon thousands of users, on the PLATO computer system based in the [[University of Illinois]] at Urbana Champaign in 1973, when social software applications for multi-user [[chat rooms]], group message [[Internet forum|forum]]s, and [[instant messaging]] appeared all within that year. In 1974, [[email]] was made available as well as the world's first online newspaper called NewsReport, which supported content submitted by the user community as well as written by editors and reporters.
柏拉图可能是最早的社会化计算的例子，在最初的生产环境中有成百上千的用户，在柏拉图的计算机系统在1973年设在伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校香槟，当社会化软件应用程序的多用户聊天室，群组信息论坛，和即时通讯都出现在那一年。1974年，电子邮件和世界上第一份在线报纸《新闻报道》同时出现，这份报纸支持用户社区提交的内容以及编辑和记者撰写的内容。
柏拉图可能是最早的社会化计算的例子，在最初的生产环境中有成百上千的用户，在柏拉图的计算机系统在1973年设在伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校香槟，当社会化软件应用程序的多用户聊天室，群组信息论坛，和即时通讯都出现在那一年。1974年，电子邮件和世界上第一份在线报纸《新闻报道》同时出现，这份报纸支持用户社区提交的内容以及编辑和记者撰写的内容。
Social computing has to do with supporting "computations" that are carried out by groups of people, an idea that has been popularized in [[James Surowiecki|James Surowiecki's]] book, [[The Wisdom of Crowds]]. Examples of social computing in this sense include [[collaborative filtering]], [[online auctions]], [[prediction markets]], [[reputation systems]], computational social choice, tagging, and verification games. The [[social information processing]] page focuses on this sense of social computing.
Social computing has to do with supporting "computations" that are carried out by groups of people, an idea that has been popularized in [[James Surowiecki|James Surowiecki's]] book, [[The Wisdom of Crowds]]. Examples of social computing in this sense include [[collaborative filtering]], [[online auctions]], [[prediction markets]], [[reputation systems]], computational social choice, tagging, and verification games. The [[social information processing]] page focuses on this sense of social computing.
社会计算与支持由一群人执行的“计算”有关，这个想法在 James Surowiecki 的书《群体的智慧》中得到了普及。这个意义上的社会计算的例子包括协同过滤、在线拍卖、预测市场、声誉系统、计算社会选择、标签和验证游戏。社会信息处理页面聚焦于这种社会计算的意义。
社会计算与支持由一群人执行的“计算”有关，这个想法在 James Surowiecki 的书《群体的智慧》中得到了普及。这个意义上的社会计算的例子包括协同过滤、在线拍卖、预测市场、声誉系统、计算社会选择、标签和验证游戏。社会信息处理页面聚焦于这种社会计算的意义。