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在物理学中,'''有效场论 Effective field theory'''是一种有效的近似理论,用于基础的物理理论,比如量子场论或者统计力学模型理论。有效场论用适当的自由度来描述特定距离尺度或能量尺度下发生的物理现象,而忽略在较小尺度上的子结构和自由度(或者相仿地,在较高的能量上)。直观地说,一个人可以用较短的长度尺度对潜在理论的结果取平均,从而得出一个在较长长度尺度下的简化模型。当研究者感兴趣的尺度与相互作用的基本尺度存在较大差异时,有效场论是最实用的。有效场论已经在粒子物理学、统计力学、凝聚态物理学、广义相对论和流体力学中得到了应用。它们简化了计算,并可以处理耗散和辐射效应。<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.174301|pmid=23679733|url=http://authors.library.caltech.edu/38643/1/PhysRevLett.110.174301.pdf|title=Classical Mechanics of Nonconservative Systems|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=110|issue=17|pages=174301|year=2013|last1=Galley|first1=Chad R.|s2cid=14591873|access-date=2014-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303174914/http://authors.library.caltech.edu/38643/1/PhysRevLett.110.174301.pdf|archive-date=2014-03-03|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |arxiv = 1402.2610|last1 = Birnholtz|first1 = Ofek|title = Radiation reaction at the level of the action|journal = International Journal of Modern Physics A|volume = 29|issue = 24|pages = 1450132|last2 = Hadar|first2 = Shahar|last3 = Kol|first3 = Barak|year = 2014|doi = 10.1142/S0217751X14501322|s2cid = 118541484}}</ref>
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在物理学中,'''有效场论 Effective field theory'''是一种有效的近似理论,用于基础的物理理论,比如量子场论或者统计力学模型理论。有效场论用适当的自由度来描述特定距离尺度或能量尺度下发生的物理现象,而忽略在较小尺度上的子结构和自由度(或者相仿地,在较高的能量上)。直观地说,一个人可以用较短的长度尺度对潜在理论的结果取平均,从而得出一个在较长长度尺度下的简化模型。当研究者感兴趣的尺度与相互作用的基本尺度存在较大差异时,有效场论是最实用的。有效场论已经在粒子物理学、统计力学、凝聚态物理学、广义相对论和流体力学中得到了应用。它们简化了计算,并可以处理耗散和辐射效应。<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.174301|pmid=23679733|url=http://authors.library.caltech.edu/38643/1/PhysRevLett.110.174301.pdf|title=Classical Mechanics of Nonconservative Systems|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=110|issue=17|pages=174301|year=2013|last1=Galley|first1=Chad R.|access-date=2014-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303174914/http://authors.library.caltech.edu/38643/1/PhysRevLett.110.174301.pdf|archive-date=2014-03-03|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |arxiv = 1402.2610|last1 = Birnholtz|first1 = Ofek|title = Radiation reaction at the level of the action|journal = International Journal of Modern Physics A|volume = 29|issue = 24|pages = 1450132|last2 = Hadar|first2 = Shahar|last3 = Kol|first3 = Barak|year = 2014|doi = 10.1142/S0217751X14501322}}</ref>
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'''广义相对论 General relativity'''本身有望成为完整的量子引力理论的低能有效场论,如[[弦论]]或回圈量子重力理论。膨胀尺度是普朗克质量。
 
'''广义相对论 General relativity'''本身有望成为完整的量子引力理论的低能有效场论,如[[弦论]]或回圈量子重力理论。膨胀尺度是普朗克质量。
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有效场论也被用来简化广义相对论中的问题,特别是在计算有限大小的物体的引力波特征时。<ref>{{Cite journal |arxiv = hep-th/0409156|last1 = Goldberger|first1 = Walter|title = An Effective Field Theory of Gravity for Extended Objects|journal = Physical Review D|volume = 73|issue = 10|last2 = Rothstein|first2 = Ira|year = 2004|doi = 10.1103/PhysRevD.73.104029|s2cid = 54188791}}</ref>GR 中最常见的 EFT 是“非相对论广义相对论”(NRGR) <ref>[http://online.kitp.ucsb.edu/online/numrel-m08/buonanno/pdf1/Porto_NumRelData_KITP.pdf]</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |arxiv = 0712.4116|last1 = Kol|first1 = Barak|title = Non-Relativistic Gravitation: From Newton to Einstein and Back|journal =  Classical and Quantum Gravity|volume = 25|issue = 14|pages = 145011|last2 = Smolkin|first2 = Lee|year = 2008|doi = 10.1088/0264-9381/25/14/145011|s2cid = 119216835}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |arxiv = gr-qc/0511061|last1 = Porto|first1 = Rafael A|title = Post-Newtonian corrections to the motion of spinning bodies in NRGR|journal =  Physical Review D|volume = 73|issue = 104031|pages = 104031|year = 2006|doi = 10.1103/PhysRevD.73.104031|s2cid = 119377563}}</ref>,它类似于后牛顿力学近似方法。<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1103/PhysRevD.88.104037|title = Theory of post-Newtonian radiation and reaction|journal = Physical Review D|volume = 88|issue = 10|pages = 104037|year = 2013|last1 = Birnholtz|first1 = Ofek|last2 = Hadar|first2 = Shahar|last3 = Kol|first3 = Barak|arxiv = 1305.6930|s2cid = 119170985}}</ref>另一个常见的 GR EFT 是极端质量比(EMR) ,在激励问题的背景下被称为 EMRI。
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有效场论也被用来简化广义相对论中的问题,特别是在计算有限大小的物体的引力波特征时。<ref>{{Cite journal |arxiv = hep-th/0409156|last1 = Goldberger|first1 = Walter|title = An Effective Field Theory of Gravity for Extended Objects|journal = Physical Review D|volume = 73|issue = 10|last2 = Rothstein|first2 = Ira|year = 2004|doi = 10.1103/PhysRevD.73.104029}}</ref>GR 中最常见的 EFT 是“非相对论广义相对论”(NRGR) <ref>[http://online.kitp.ucsb.edu/online/numrel-m08/buonanno/pdf1/Porto_NumRelData_KITP.pdf]</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |arxiv = 0712.4116|last1 = Kol|first1 = Barak|title = Non-Relativistic Gravitation: From Newton to Einstein and Back|journal =  Classical and Quantum Gravity|volume = 25|issue = 14|pages = 145011|last2 = Smolkin|first2 = Lee|year = 2008|doi = 10.1088/0264-9381/25/14/145011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |arxiv = gr-qc/0511061|last1 = Porto|first1 = Rafael A|title = Post-Newtonian corrections to the motion of spinning bodies in NRGR|journal =  Physical Review D|volume = 73|issue = 104031|pages = 104031|year = 2006|doi = 10.1103/PhysRevD.73.104031}}</ref>,它类似于后牛顿力学近似方法。<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1103/PhysRevD.88.104037|title = Theory of post-Newtonian radiation and reaction|journal = Physical Review D|volume = 88|issue = 10|pages = 104037|year = 2013|last1 = Birnholtz|first1 = Ofek|last2 = Hadar|first2 = Shahar|last3 = Kol|first3 = Barak|arxiv = 1305.6930}}</ref>另一个常见的 GR EFT 是极端质量比(EMR) ,在激励问题的背景下被称为 EMRI。
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*量子物理的一个主要分支是量子强子动力学,其中强子的相互作用被视为场理论,它应该从量子色动力学的基础理论中衍生出来。量子强子动力学是核力的理论,类似于量子色动力学是[[强相互作用]的理论,量子电动力学是[[电磁力]]的理论。由于长度尺度的分离较小,这一有效理论具有一定的分类能力,但没有费米理论的惊人成功。
 
*量子物理的一个主要分支是量子强子动力学,其中强子的相互作用被视为场理论,它应该从量子色动力学的基础理论中衍生出来。量子强子动力学是核力的理论,类似于量子色动力学是[[强相互作用]的理论,量子电动力学是[[电磁力]]的理论。由于长度尺度的分离较小,这一有效理论具有一定的分类能力,但没有费米理论的惊人成功。
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在粒子物理中,QCD中称为[[手征微扰理论]]的有效场论有更好的表现成功。<ref>{{Cite journal |arxiv = hep-ph/9311274|last1 = Leutwyler|first1 = H|title = On the Foundations of Chiral Perturbation Theory|journal =  Annals of Physics|volume = 235|pages = 165–203|year = 1994|doi = 10.1006/aphy.1994.1094|s2cid = 16739698}}</ref>这一理论研究强子与π或kaon的相互作用,它们是自发手征对称性破坏的金石玻色子。膨胀参数是pion能量/动量。
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在粒子物理中,QCD中称为[[手征微扰理论]]的有效场论有更好的表现成功。<ref>{{Cite journal |arxiv = hep-ph/9311274|last1 = Leutwyler|first1 = H|title = On the Foundations of Chiral Perturbation Theory|journal =  Annals of Physics|volume = 235|pages = 165–203|year = 1994|doi = 10.1006/aphy.1994.1094}}</ref>这一理论研究强子与π或kaon的相互作用,它们是自发手征对称性破坏的金石玻色子。膨胀参数是pion能量/动量。
 
*对于含有一个重的夸克的强子(例如底或粲),一种以夸克质量为幂展开的有效场论,称为[[重夸克有效理论](HQET)。
 
*对于含有一个重的夸克的强子(例如底或粲),一种以夸克质量为幂展开的有效场论,称为[[重夸克有效理论](HQET)。
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对于与光能(共线)粒子的强子反应,用软共线有效理论(SCET)描述了与低能(软)自由度的相互作用。
 
对于与光能(共线)粒子的强子反应,用软共线有效理论(SCET)描述了与低能(软)自由度的相互作用。
 
*许多凝聚态物理都是为所研究的物质的特殊性质建立有效理论。
 
*许多凝聚态物理都是为所研究的物质的特殊性质建立有效理论。
*[[流体力学]]也可以使用有效场论进行处理<ref>{{Cite journal |arxiv = 1211.6461|last1 = Endlich|first1 = Solomon|title = Dissipation in the effective field theory for hydrodynamics: First order effects|journal =  Physical Review D|volume = 88|issue = 10|pages = 105001|last2 = Nicolis|first2 = Alberto|last3 = Porto|first3 = Rafael|last4 = Wang|first4 = Junpu|year = 2013|doi = 10.1103/PhysRevD.88.105001|s2cid = 118441607}}</ref>
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*[[流体力学]]也可以使用有效场论进行处理<ref>{{Cite journal |arxiv = 1211.6461|last1 = Endlich|first1 = Solomon|title = Dissipation in the effective field theory for hydrodynamics: First order effects|journal =  Physical Review D|volume = 88|issue = 10|pages = 105001|last2 = Nicolis|first2 = Alberto|last3 = Porto|first3 = Rafael|last4 = Wang|first4 = Junpu|year = 2013|doi = 10.1103/PhysRevD.88.105001}}</ref>
    
==参见==
 
==参见==
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*{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S1355-2198(01)00005-3 |url=http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/93/1/Hartmann.pdf|title=Effective Field Theories, Reductionism and Scientific Explanation|journal=Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics|volume=32|issue=2|pages=267–304|year=2001|last1=Hartmann|first1=Stephan}}
 
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S1355-2198(01)00005-3 |url=http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/93/1/Hartmann.pdf|title=Effective Field Theories, Reductionism and Scientific Explanation|journal=Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics|volume=32|issue=2|pages=267–304|year=2001|last1=Hartmann|first1=Stephan}}
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*{{Cite journal |arxiv=hep-ph/9703290|last1=Birnholtz|first1=Ofek|title=Aspects of Heavy Quark Theory|journal= Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science|volume=47|pages=591–661|last2=Hadar|first2=Shahar|last3=Kol|first3=Barak|year=1997|doi=10.1146/annurev.nucl.47.1.591|s2cid=13843227}}
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*{{Cite journal |arxiv=hep-ph/9703290|last1=Birnholtz|first1=Ofek|title=Aspects of Heavy Quark Theory|journal= Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science|volume=47|pages=591–661|last2=Hadar|first2=Shahar|last3=Kol|first3=Barak|year=1997|doi=10.1146/annurev.nucl.47.1.591}}
    
*[http://www.fuw.edu.pl/~dobaczew/maub-42w/node18.html Effective field theory] (Interactions, Symmetry Breaking and Effective Fields - from Quarks to Nuclei. an Internet Lecture by Jacek Dobaczewski)
 
*[http://www.fuw.edu.pl/~dobaczew/maub-42w/node18.html Effective field theory] (Interactions, Symmetry Breaking and Effective Fields - from Quarks to Nuclei. an Internet Lecture by Jacek Dobaczewski)
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