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| | ===分类器与统计学习方法=== | | ===分类器与统计学习方法=== |
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| − | {{Main|Classifier (mathematics)|Statistical classification|Machine learning}}
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| − | The simplest AI applications can be divided into two types: classifiers ("if shiny then diamond") and controllers ("if shiny then pick up"). Controllers do, however, also classify conditions before inferring actions, and therefore classification forms a central part of many AI systems. [[Classifier (mathematics)|Classifiers]] are functions that use [[pattern matching]] to determine a closest match. They can be tuned according to examples, making them very attractive for use in AI. These examples are known as observations or patterns. In supervised learning, each pattern belongs to a certain predefined class. A class can be seen as a decision that has to be made. All the observations combined with their class labels are known as a data set. When a new observation is received, that observation is classified based on previous experience.<ref name="Classifiers"/>
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| | 最简单的AI应用程序可以分为两类: '''>分类器 Classifiers''' (“若闪光,则为钻石”)和'''控制器 Controllers''' (“若闪光,则捡起来”)。然而,控制器在推断前也对条件进行分类,因此分类构成了许多AI系统的核心部分。分类器一组是使用匹配模式来判断最接近的匹配的函数。它们可以根据样例进行性能调优,使它们在AI应用中更有效。这些样例被称为“观察”或“模式”。在监督学习中,每个模式都属于某个预定义的类别。可以把一个类看作是一个必须做出的决定。所有的样例和它们的对应的类别标签被称为数据集。当接收一个新样例时,它会被分类器根据以前的经验进行分类。<ref name="Classifiers"/> | | 最简单的AI应用程序可以分为两类: '''>分类器 Classifiers''' (“若闪光,则为钻石”)和'''控制器 Controllers''' (“若闪光,则捡起来”)。然而,控制器在推断前也对条件进行分类,因此分类构成了许多AI系统的核心部分。分类器一组是使用匹配模式来判断最接近的匹配的函数。它们可以根据样例进行性能调优,使它们在AI应用中更有效。这些样例被称为“观察”或“模式”。在监督学习中,每个模式都属于某个预定义的类别。可以把一个类看作是一个必须做出的决定。所有的样例和它们的对应的类别标签被称为数据集。当接收一个新样例时,它会被分类器根据以前的经验进行分类。<ref name="Classifiers"/> |
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| − | --[[用户:Thingamabob|Thingamabob]]([[用户讨论:Thingamabob|讨论]]) 分类器(“ if shiny then diamond”)和控制器(“ if shiny then pick up”) 一句不能准确翻译
| + | 分类器可以通过多种方式进行训练;,比如许多统计学和机器学习方法。决策树可能是应用最广泛的机器学习算法。其他使用广泛的分类器还有神经网络、K最近邻算法、核方法(比如支持向量机)、''' 高斯混合模型 Gaussian Mixture Mode''',以及非常流行的'''朴素贝叶斯分类器 Naive Bayes Classifier'''。分类器的分类效果在很大程度上取决于待分类数据的特征,如数据集的大小、样本跨类别的分布、维数和噪声水平。如果假设的模型很符合实际数据,则基于这种模型的分类器就能给出很好的结果。否则,传统观点认为如果没有匹配模型可用,而且只关心准确性(而不是速度或可扩展性) ,在大多数实际数据集上鉴别分类器(尤其是支持向量机)往往比基于模型的分类器(如“朴素贝叶斯”)更准确。<ref>van der Walt, Christiaan; Bernard, Etienne (2006). "Data characteristics that determine classifier performance" (PDF). </ref><ref>Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2009). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. 18.12: Learning from Examples: Summary. ISBN 978-0-13-604259-4.</ref> |
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| − | --[[用户:Qige96|Ricky]]([[用户讨论:Qige96|讨论]])已解决。这里主要是突出分类器的工作是下判断,而控制器的工作是做动作。
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| − | A classifier can be trained in various ways; there are many statistical and [[machine learning]] approaches. The [[decision tree learning|decision tree]]<ref name="Decision tree"/> is perhaps the most widely used machine learning algorithm.{{sfn|Domingos|2015|p=88}} Other widely used classifiers are the [[Artificial neural network|neural network]],<ref name="Neural networks"/> [[Gaussian mixture model]],<ref name="Gaussian mixture model"/> and the extremely popular [[naive Bayes classifier]].{{efn|Naive Bayes is reportedly the "most widely used learner" at Google, due in part to its scalability.{{sfn|Domingos|2015|p=152}}}}<ref name="Naive Bayes classifier"/> Classifier performance depends greatly on the characteristics of the data to be classified, such as the dataset size, distribution of samples across classes, the dimensionality, and the level of noise. Model-based classifiers perform well if the assumed model is an extremely good fit for the actual data. Otherwise, if no matching model is available, and if accuracy (rather than speed or scalability) is the sole concern, conventional wisdom is that discriminative classifiers (especially SVM) tend to be more accurate than model-based classifiers such as "naive Bayes" on most practical data sets.<ref name="Classifier performance"/>{{sfn|Russell|Norvig|2009|loc=18.12: Learning from Examples: Summary}}
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| − | 分类器可以通过多种方式进行训练;,比如许多统计学和机器学习方法。决策树可能是应用最广泛的机器学习算法。其他使用广泛的分类器还有神经网络、<ref name="Neural networks"/>K最近邻算法{{efn|The most widely used analogical AI until the mid-1990s{{sfn|Domingos|2015|p=187}}}}<ref name="K-nearest neighbor algorithm"/>、核方法(比如支持向量机){{efn|SVM displaced k-nearest neighbor in the 1990s{{sfn|Domingos|2015|p=188}}}}<ref name="Kernel methods"/>、''' 高斯混合模型 Gaussian Mixture Mode'''<ref name="Gaussian mixture model"/>,以及非常流行的'''朴素贝叶斯分类器 Naive Bayes Classifier'''<ref name="Naive Bayes classifier"/>。分类器的分类效果在很大程度上取决于待分类数据的特征,如数据集的大小、样本跨类别的分布、维数和噪声水平。如果假设的模型很符合实际数据,则基于这种模型的分类器就能给出很好的结果。否则,传统观点认为如果没有匹配模型可用,而且只关心准确性(而不是速度或可扩展性) ,在大多数实际数据集上鉴别分类器(尤其是支持向量机)往往比基于模型的分类器(如“朴素贝叶斯”)更准确。<ref name="Classifier performance"/>{{sfn|Russell|Norvig|2009|loc=18.12: Learning from Examples: Summary}} | |
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| | ===人工神经网络 === | | ===人工神经网络 === |