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协同标记可用于 K-12教育、商业和高等教育。更具体地说,协同标记可以应用于社会性书签、教师资源库、电子学习系统、合作学习、协作研究、专业发展和教学。维基百科也是协同标记的一个典型例子。
 
协同标记可用于 K-12教育、商业和高等教育。更具体地说,协同标记可以应用于社会性书签、教师资源库、电子学习系统、合作学习、协作研究、专业发展和教学。维基百科也是协同标记的一个典型例子。
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==Benefits and disadvantages==
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==优缺点==
 
Folksonomies are a trade-off between traditional centralized classification and no classification at all,<ref>Gupta, M., et al., ''An Overview of Social Tagging and Applications, in Social Network Data Analytics'', C.C. Aggarwal, Editor. 2011, Springer. p. 447-497.</ref> and have several advantages:<ref>Quintarelli, E., ''Folksonomies: power to the people''. 2005.</ref><ref>Mathes, A., ''Folksonomies - Cooperative Classification and Communication Through Shared Metadata''. 2004.</ref><ref>Wal, T.V. ''Folksonomy''. 2007</ref>
 
Folksonomies are a trade-off between traditional centralized classification and no classification at all,<ref>Gupta, M., et al., ''An Overview of Social Tagging and Applications, in Social Network Data Analytics'', C.C. Aggarwal, Editor. 2011, Springer. p. 447-497.</ref> and have several advantages:<ref>Quintarelli, E., ''Folksonomies: power to the people''. 2005.</ref><ref>Mathes, A., ''Folksonomies - Cooperative Classification and Communication Through Shared Metadata''. 2004.</ref><ref>Wal, T.V. ''Folksonomy''. 2007</ref>
 
* Tagging is easy to understand and do, even without training and previous knowledge in classification or indexing
 
* Tagging is easy to understand and do, even without training and previous knowledge in classification or indexing
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* Folksonomies are multi-dimensional, in the sense that users can assign any number and combination of tags to express a concept
 
* Folksonomies are multi-dimensional, in the sense that users can assign any number and combination of tags to express a concept
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大众分类是在传统的集中分类和根本没有分类之间的权衡,Gupta,m,等人,《社会网络数据分析中的社会标签和应用概述》 ,c.c。阿加瓦尔,编辑。2011,Springer.有几个优点: 昆塔雷利,e。民俗学: 人民的力量。2005. Mathes,a. ,folksonies-通过共享元数据进行合作分类和交流。2004. Wal,t.v.Folksonomy.2007
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大众分类是在传统的集中分类和根本没有分类之间的权衡,有以下几个优点:
* 标签很容易理解和使用,即使没有经过培训和以前的知识分类或索引
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* 即使没有经过培训和在先的分类或索引的知识,标签也很容易理解和使用
* 大众分类法的词汇直接反映用户的词汇
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* 协同标记的词汇直接反映用户的词汇
* 大众分类法是灵活的,在这个意义上,用户可以添加或删除标签
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* 协同标记是灵活的,也就是说用户可以添加或删除标签
* 标签包括流行的内容和长尾的内容,使用户能够浏览和发现新的内容,即使是在狭窄的主题
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* 标签包括流行内容和长尾内容,使用户即使是在狭窄的主题,也能够浏览和发现新的内容,
* 反映用户的概念模型,没有文化,社会或政治偏见
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* 能够不带有文化,社会或政治偏见的反映用户的概念模型
* 创建社区,在这个意义上,使用相同的标签的用户有共同的兴趣
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* 创建社区,也就是说使用相同标签的用户具有共同的兴趣
* 大众分类法是多维的,在这个意义上,用户可以指定任何数字和组合的标签来表达一
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* 协同标记是多维的,也就是说用户可以指定任何数字和组合的标签来表达一个概念
    
There are several disadvantages with the use of tags and folksonomies as well,<ref>Kipp, M. and D.G. Campbell, ''Patterns and Inconsistencies in Collaborative Tagging Systems: An Examination of Tagging Practices''. Proceedings Annual General Meeting of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 2006.</ref> and some of the advantages (see above) can lead to problems. For example, the simplicity in tagging can result in poorly applied tags.<ref>Hayman, S., ''Folksonomies and Tagging: New developments in social bookmarking'', in Proceedings of Ark Group Conference: Developing and Improving Classification Schemes, 2007, Sydney. 2007: Sydney.</ref> Further, while controlled vocabularies are exclusionary by nature,<ref>Kroski, E., The Hive Mind: ''Folksonomies and User-Based Tagging. 2005''</ref> tags are often ambiguous and overly personalized.<ref>Guy, M. and E. Tonkin, ''Folksonomies: Tidying up Tags?'' D-Lib Magazine, 2006. 12(Number 1): p. 1-15.</ref> Users apply tags to documents in many different ways and tagging systems also often lack mechanisms for handling [[synonym]]s, [[acronym]]s and [[homonym]]s, and they also often lack mechanisms for handling [[spelling]] variations such as misspellings, [[Grammatical number|singular/plural]] form, [[Grammatical conjugation|conjugated]] and [[Compound (linguistics)|compound]] words. Some tagging systems do not support tags consisting of multiple words, resulting in tags like "viewfrommywindow". Sometimes users choose specialized tags or tags without meaning to others.
 
There are several disadvantages with the use of tags and folksonomies as well,<ref>Kipp, M. and D.G. Campbell, ''Patterns and Inconsistencies in Collaborative Tagging Systems: An Examination of Tagging Practices''. Proceedings Annual General Meeting of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 2006.</ref> and some of the advantages (see above) can lead to problems. For example, the simplicity in tagging can result in poorly applied tags.<ref>Hayman, S., ''Folksonomies and Tagging: New developments in social bookmarking'', in Proceedings of Ark Group Conference: Developing and Improving Classification Schemes, 2007, Sydney. 2007: Sydney.</ref> Further, while controlled vocabularies are exclusionary by nature,<ref>Kroski, E., The Hive Mind: ''Folksonomies and User-Based Tagging. 2005''</ref> tags are often ambiguous and overly personalized.<ref>Guy, M. and E. Tonkin, ''Folksonomies: Tidying up Tags?'' D-Lib Magazine, 2006. 12(Number 1): p. 1-15.</ref> Users apply tags to documents in many different ways and tagging systems also often lack mechanisms for handling [[synonym]]s, [[acronym]]s and [[homonym]]s, and they also often lack mechanisms for handling [[spelling]] variations such as misspellings, [[Grammatical number|singular/plural]] form, [[Grammatical conjugation|conjugated]] and [[Compound (linguistics)|compound]] words. Some tagging systems do not support tags consisting of multiple words, resulting in tags like "viewfrommywindow". Sometimes users choose specialized tags or tags without meaning to others.
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There are several disadvantages with the use of tags and folksonomies as well,Kipp, M. and D.G. Campbell, Patterns and Inconsistencies in Collaborative Tagging Systems: An Examination of Tagging Practices. Proceedings Annual General Meeting of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 2006. and some of the advantages (see above) can lead to problems. For example, the simplicity in tagging can result in poorly applied tags.Hayman, S., Folksonomies and Tagging: New developments in social bookmarking, in Proceedings of Ark Group Conference: Developing and Improving Classification Schemes, 2007, Sydney. 2007: Sydney. Further, while controlled vocabularies are exclusionary by nature,Kroski, E., The Hive Mind: Folksonomies and User-Based Tagging. 2005 tags are often ambiguous and overly personalized.Guy, M. and E. Tonkin, Folksonomies: Tidying up Tags? D-Lib Magazine, 2006. 12(Number 1): p. 1-15. Users apply tags to documents in many different ways and tagging systems also often lack mechanisms for handling synonyms, acronyms and homonyms, and they also often lack mechanisms for handling spelling variations such as misspellings, singular/plural form, conjugated and compound words. Some tagging systems do not support tags consisting of multiple words, resulting in tags like "viewfrommywindow". Sometimes users choose specialized tags or tags without meaning to others.
 
There are several disadvantages with the use of tags and folksonomies as well,Kipp, M. and D.G. Campbell, Patterns and Inconsistencies in Collaborative Tagging Systems: An Examination of Tagging Practices. Proceedings Annual General Meeting of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 2006. and some of the advantages (see above) can lead to problems. For example, the simplicity in tagging can result in poorly applied tags.Hayman, S., Folksonomies and Tagging: New developments in social bookmarking, in Proceedings of Ark Group Conference: Developing and Improving Classification Schemes, 2007, Sydney. 2007: Sydney. Further, while controlled vocabularies are exclusionary by nature,Kroski, E., The Hive Mind: Folksonomies and User-Based Tagging. 2005 tags are often ambiguous and overly personalized.Guy, M. and E. Tonkin, Folksonomies: Tidying up Tags? D-Lib Magazine, 2006. 12(Number 1): p. 1-15. Users apply tags to documents in many different ways and tagging systems also often lack mechanisms for handling synonyms, acronyms and homonyms, and they also often lack mechanisms for handling spelling variations such as misspellings, singular/plural form, conjugated and compound words. Some tagging systems do not support tags consisting of multiple words, resulting in tags like "viewfrommywindow". Sometimes users choose specialized tags or tags without meaning to others.
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使用标签和通俗名称也有几个缺点,Kipp,m 和 d.g。分众分类法系统中的模式和不一致性: 标记实践的检验。2006年美国信息科学与技术学会会议录。一些优点(见上文)可能会导致问题。例如,标签的简单性可能导致标签应用不当。Folksonomies 和标签: 社会性书签的新发展,在《方舟集团会议记录: 发展和改进分类方案》 ,2007年,悉尼。2007: 悉尼。此外,虽然受控词汇天生具有排他性,但是 Kroski e,The Hive Mind: folksonies and User-Based Tagging。2005年的标签经常是模棱两可的,而且过于个性化?D-Lib 杂志,2006。第12页(第1页) : 第1-15页。用户以许多不同的方式对文档使用标记,标记系统也常常缺乏处理同义词、首字母缩略词和同音词的机制,而且他们还常常缺乏处理拼写错误、单复数形式、共轭词和复合词等拼写变化的机制。一些标签系统不支持由多个单词组成的标签,导致了像“ viewfrommywindow”这样的标签。有时候用户选择专门的标签或者标签对其他人来说毫无意义。
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使用标签和协同标记也有几个缺点,而且上文的一些优点也可能带来一些问题。例如,标签的简单性可能导致标签应用不当。此外,虽然受控词汇天生具有排他性,但是标签经常是模棱两可且个性化的。用户以许多不同的方式对文档使用标记,这些标记系统也常常缺乏处理同义词、首字母缩略词和同音词的机制,而且他们还常常缺乏处理拼写错误、单复数形式、共轭词和复合词等拼写变化的机制。一些标签系统不支持由多个单词组成的标签,导致了像“ viewfrommywindow”这样的标签。有时候用户会选择专门的或对其他人来说毫无意义的标签。
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==Elements and types==
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==基本要素与类型==
 
A folksonomy emerges when users tag content or information, such as web pages, photos, videos, podcasts, tweets, scientific papers and others. Strohmaier et al.<ref>Strohmaier, M., C. Körner, and R. Kern, ''Understanding why users tag: A survey of tagging motivation literature and results from an empirical study''. Web Semantics: Science, Services and Agents on the World Wide Web, 2012. 17: p. 1-11.</ref> elaborate the concept: the term "tagging" refers to a "voluntary activity of users who are annotating resources with term-so-called 'tags' – freely chosen from an unbounded and uncontrolled vocabulary". Others explain tags as an unstructured textual label<ref>Ames, M.N.M., ''Why We Tag: Motivations for Annotation in Mobile and Online Media'', in SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems. 2007, ACM Press: New York, NY, USA. p. 971-980.</ref> or keywords,<ref>Guy, M. and E. Tonkin, Folksonomies: ''Tidying up Tags?'' D-Lib Magazine, 2006. 12(Number 1): p. 1-15.</ref> and that they appear as a simple form of metadata.<ref>Brooks, C.H. and N. Montanez, ''Improved annotation of the blogosphere via autotagging and hierarchical clustering'', in WWW '06: Proceedings of the 15th international conference on World Wide Web. 2006, ACM Press: New York, NY, USA. p. 625-632.</ref>
 
A folksonomy emerges when users tag content or information, such as web pages, photos, videos, podcasts, tweets, scientific papers and others. Strohmaier et al.<ref>Strohmaier, M., C. Körner, and R. Kern, ''Understanding why users tag: A survey of tagging motivation literature and results from an empirical study''. Web Semantics: Science, Services and Agents on the World Wide Web, 2012. 17: p. 1-11.</ref> elaborate the concept: the term "tagging" refers to a "voluntary activity of users who are annotating resources with term-so-called 'tags' – freely chosen from an unbounded and uncontrolled vocabulary". Others explain tags as an unstructured textual label<ref>Ames, M.N.M., ''Why We Tag: Motivations for Annotation in Mobile and Online Media'', in SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems. 2007, ACM Press: New York, NY, USA. p. 971-980.</ref> or keywords,<ref>Guy, M. and E. Tonkin, Folksonomies: ''Tidying up Tags?'' D-Lib Magazine, 2006. 12(Number 1): p. 1-15.</ref> and that they appear as a simple form of metadata.<ref>Brooks, C.H. and N. Montanez, ''Improved annotation of the blogosphere via autotagging and hierarchical clustering'', in WWW '06: Proceedings of the 15th international conference on World Wide Web. 2006, ACM Press: New York, NY, USA. p. 625-632.</ref>
    
A folksonomy emerges when users tag content or information, such as web pages, photos, videos, podcasts, tweets, scientific papers and others. Strohmaier et al.Strohmaier, M., C. Körner, and R. Kern, Understanding why users tag: A survey of tagging motivation literature and results from an empirical study. Web Semantics: Science, Services and Agents on the World Wide Web, 2012. 17: p. 1-11. elaborate the concept: the term "tagging" refers to a "voluntary activity of users who are annotating resources with term-so-called 'tags' – freely chosen from an unbounded and uncontrolled vocabulary". Others explain tags as an unstructured textual labelAmes, M.N.M., Why We Tag: Motivations for Annotation in Mobile and Online Media, in SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems. 2007, ACM Press: New York, NY, USA. p. 971-980. or keywords,Guy, M. and E. Tonkin, Folksonomies: Tidying up Tags? D-Lib Magazine, 2006. 12(Number 1): p. 1-15. and that they appear as a simple form of metadata.Brooks, C.H. and N. Montanez, Improved annotation of the blogosphere via autotagging and hierarchical clustering, in WWW '06: Proceedings of the 15th international conference on World Wide Web. 2006, ACM Press: New York, NY, USA. p. 625-632.
 
A folksonomy emerges when users tag content or information, such as web pages, photos, videos, podcasts, tweets, scientific papers and others. Strohmaier et al.Strohmaier, M., C. Körner, and R. Kern, Understanding why users tag: A survey of tagging motivation literature and results from an empirical study. Web Semantics: Science, Services and Agents on the World Wide Web, 2012. 17: p. 1-11. elaborate the concept: the term "tagging" refers to a "voluntary activity of users who are annotating resources with term-so-called 'tags' – freely chosen from an unbounded and uncontrolled vocabulary". Others explain tags as an unstructured textual labelAmes, M.N.M., Why We Tag: Motivations for Annotation in Mobile and Online Media, in SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems. 2007, ACM Press: New York, NY, USA. p. 971-980. or keywords,Guy, M. and E. Tonkin, Folksonomies: Tidying up Tags? D-Lib Magazine, 2006. 12(Number 1): p. 1-15. and that they appear as a simple form of metadata.Brooks, C.H. and N. Montanez, Improved annotation of the blogosphere via autotagging and hierarchical clustering, in WWW '06: Proceedings of the 15th international conference on World Wide Web. 2006, ACM Press: New York, NY, USA. p. 625-632.
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当用户标记内容或信息时,比如网页、照片、视频、播客、 tweets、科学论文等,就会形成一个大众分类法。等人。理解用户为什么要标记: 一项关于标记动机的文献调查和一项实证研究的结果。网络语义学: 万维网上的科学、服务和代理,2012。17: p. 1-11.详细说明这一概念:”标签”一词是指”用户自愿用所谓的‘标签’注释资源的活动——从无限制和不受控制的词汇中自由选择”。其他人将标签解释为一个非结构化的文本 labelAmes,m.n.m. ,Why We Tag: kineries for Annotation in Mobile and Online Media,in SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems。2007,ACM Press: New York,NY,USA.971-980. 或关键字,盖伊,m 和 e 东京,民俗学: 整理标签?D-Lib 杂志,2006。第12页(第1页) : 第1-15页。它们作为一种简单的元数据形式出现。和 n. Montanez---- 通过自动测量和层次聚类改进了博客世界的注释,在 WWW’06: Proceedings of the 15th international conference on World Wide Web。2006,ACM Press: New York,NY,USA.P. 625-632.
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当用户标记内容或信息时,比如网页、照片、视频、播客、 tweets、科学论文等,就会形成一种协同标记模式。Strohmaier et al阐述了这个概念:“标签”一词是指”用户自愿用所谓的‘标签’注释资源的活动——从无限制和不受控制的词汇中自由选择”。其他人将标签解释为一个非结构化的文本 。
    
Folksonomies consist of three basic entities: users, tags, and resources. Users create tags to mark resources such as: web pages, photos, videos, and podcasts. These tags are used to manage, categorize and summarize online content. This collaborative tagging system also uses these tags as a way to index information, facilitate searches and navigate resources. Folksonomy also includes a set of URLs that are used to identify resources that have been referred to by users of different websites. These systems also include category schemes that have the ability to organize tags at different levels of granularity.<ref name="Berlin, B. 1992">Berlin, B. (1992). Ethnobiological Classification. Princeton: Princeton University Press.</ref>
 
Folksonomies consist of three basic entities: users, tags, and resources. Users create tags to mark resources such as: web pages, photos, videos, and podcasts. These tags are used to manage, categorize and summarize online content. This collaborative tagging system also uses these tags as a way to index information, facilitate searches and navigate resources. Folksonomy also includes a set of URLs that are used to identify resources that have been referred to by users of different websites. These systems also include category schemes that have the ability to organize tags at different levels of granularity.<ref name="Berlin, B. 1992">Berlin, B. (1992). Ethnobiological Classification. Princeton: Princeton University Press.</ref>
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Folksonomies consist of three basic entities: users, tags, and resources. Users create tags to mark resources such as: web pages, photos, videos, and podcasts. These tags are used to manage, categorize and summarize online content. This collaborative tagging system also uses these tags as a way to index information, facilitate searches and navigate resources. Folksonomy also includes a set of URLs that are used to identify resources that have been referred to by users of different websites. These systems also include category schemes that have the ability to organize tags at different levels of granularity.Berlin, B. (1992). Ethnobiological Classification. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
 
Folksonomies consist of three basic entities: users, tags, and resources. Users create tags to mark resources such as: web pages, photos, videos, and podcasts. These tags are used to manage, categorize and summarize online content. This collaborative tagging system also uses these tags as a way to index information, facilitate searches and navigate resources. Folksonomy also includes a set of URLs that are used to identify resources that have been referred to by users of different websites. These systems also include category schemes that have the ability to organize tags at different levels of granularity.Berlin, B. (1992). Ethnobiological Classification. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
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大众分类法由三个基本实体组成: 用户、标记和资源。用户创建标签来标记资源,例如: 网页、照片、视频和播客。这些标签用于管理、分类和总结在线内容。这个分众分类法系统也使用这些标签作为索引信息,方便搜索和浏览资源的方式。大众分类法还包括一组 url,用于识别不同网站用户引用的资源。这些系统还包括能够按不同粒度级别组织标记的分类方案。(1992).民族生物学分类。普林斯顿: 普林斯顿大学出版社。
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协同标记由三个基本实体组成: 用户、标签和资源。用户创建标签来标记网页、照片、视频、播客等资源。这些标签用于管理、分类和总结在线内容。这个分众分类法系统也使用这些标签作为索引信息,方便搜索和浏览资源的方式。协同标记还包括一组 url,用于识别不同网站用户引用的资源。这些系统还包括能够按不同粒度级别组织标签的分类方案。
    
Vander Wal identifies two types of folksonomy: broad and narrow.<ref name="Vander Wal">{{cite web |title=Explaining and Showing Broad and Narrow Folksonomies |url=http://www.vanderwal.net/random/entrysel.php?blog=1635 | last = Vander Wal | first=Thomas |access-date= 2013-03-05}}</ref>  A broad folksonomy arises when multiple users can apply the same tag to an item, providing information about which tags are the most popular. A narrow folksonomy occurs when users, typically fewer in number and often including the item's creator, tag an item with tags that can each be applied only once.  While both broad and narrow folksonomies enable the searchability of content by adding an associated word or phrase to an object, a broad folksonomy allows for sorting based on the popularity of each tag, as well as the tracking of emerging trends in tag usage and developing vocabularies.<ref name="Vander Wal"/>
 
Vander Wal identifies two types of folksonomy: broad and narrow.<ref name="Vander Wal">{{cite web |title=Explaining and Showing Broad and Narrow Folksonomies |url=http://www.vanderwal.net/random/entrysel.php?blog=1635 | last = Vander Wal | first=Thomas |access-date= 2013-03-05}}</ref>  A broad folksonomy arises when multiple users can apply the same tag to an item, providing information about which tags are the most popular. A narrow folksonomy occurs when users, typically fewer in number and often including the item's creator, tag an item with tags that can each be applied only once.  While both broad and narrow folksonomies enable the searchability of content by adding an associated word or phrase to an object, a broad folksonomy allows for sorting based on the popularity of each tag, as well as the tracking of emerging trends in tag usage and developing vocabularies.<ref name="Vander Wal"/>
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Vander Wal identifies two types of folksonomy: broad and narrow.  A broad folksonomy arises when multiple users can apply the same tag to an item, providing information about which tags are the most popular. A narrow folksonomy occurs when users, typically fewer in number and often including the item's creator, tag an item with tags that can each be applied only once.  While both broad and narrow folksonomies enable the searchability of content by adding an associated word or phrase to an object, a broad folksonomy allows for sorting based on the popularity of each tag, as well as the tracking of emerging trends in tag usage and developing vocabularies.
 
Vander Wal identifies two types of folksonomy: broad and narrow.  A broad folksonomy arises when multiple users can apply the same tag to an item, providing information about which tags are the most popular. A narrow folksonomy occurs when users, typically fewer in number and often including the item's creator, tag an item with tags that can each be applied only once.  While both broad and narrow folksonomies enable the searchability of content by adding an associated word or phrase to an object, a broad folksonomy allows for sorting based on the popularity of each tag, as well as the tracking of emerging trends in tag usage and developing vocabularies.
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范德 · 沃尔确定了两种类型的大众分类法: 广义大众分类和狭义大众分类。当多个用户可以对一个项目应用相同的标记,并提供关于哪些标记最受欢迎的信息时,就会产生广泛的大众分类法。一个狭义的大众分类法发生在用户使用标签标记一个项目的时候,这些标签通常数量较少,并且通常包括项目的创建者,每个项目只能应用一次。虽然广义大众分类法和狭义大众分类法都通过向对象添加关联词或短语来实现内容的可搜索性,但广义大众分类法允许根据每个标记的流行程度进行排序,并跟踪标记使用和发展词汇表的新趋势。
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范德 · 沃尔确定了两种类型的协同标记方法: 广义协同标记和狭义协同标记。当多个用户可以对一个项目应用相同的标记,并提供关于哪些标记最受欢迎的信息时,就会形成广义的协同标记。而狭义的协同标记法发生在用户使用标签标记一个项目的时候,这些标签通常数量较少,并且通常包括项目的创建者,每个项目只能应用一次。虽然广义协同标记法和狭义协同标记都通过向对象添加关联词或短语来实现内容的可搜索性,但广义协同标记允许根据每个标签的流行程度进行排序,并跟踪标签使用和发展词汇表的新趋势。
    
An example of a broad folksonomy is [[Delicious (website)|del.icio.us]],  a website where users can tag any online resource they find relevant with their own personal tags. The photo-sharing website [[Flickr]] is an oft-cited example of a narrow folksonomy.
 
An example of a broad folksonomy is [[Delicious (website)|del.icio.us]],  a website where users can tag any online resource they find relevant with their own personal tags. The photo-sharing website [[Flickr]] is an oft-cited example of a narrow folksonomy.
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An example of a broad folksonomy is del.icio.us,  a website where users can tag any online resource they find relevant with their own personal tags. The photo-sharing website Flickr is an oft-cited example of a narrow folksonomy.
 
An example of a broad folksonomy is del.icio.us,  a website where users can tag any online resource they find relevant with their own personal tags. The photo-sharing website Flickr is an oft-cited example of a narrow folksonomy.
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一个广泛的大众分类法的例子是 del.icio.us,一个用户可以用自己的个人标签标记任何他们发现相关的在线资源的网站。照片分享网站 Flickr 是一个经常被引用的狭隘大众分类法的例子。
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作为广义协同标记的网站, del.icio.us允许用户使用自己的个人标签标记任何他们发现的相关的在线资源的网站。 Flickr 作为一个照片分享网站,是狭义协同标记的典型例子。
    
==Folksonomy vs. taxonomy==
 
==Folksonomy vs. taxonomy==
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