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== 概况==
 
== 概况==
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保罗·埃尔德什Paul Erdős(1913年至1996年)是一位在业界产生有影响力的匈牙利数学家,其一生中大量的时间都在与很多同事合作撰写论文,致力于解决困扰已久的疑难数学问题。<ref name="newman2001">{{cite journal|last=Newman|first=Mark E. J.|author-link=Mark Newman|title=The structure of scientific collaboration networks|journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]]| year=2001| doi=10.1073/pnas.021544898| volume=98|issue=2|pages=404–409|pmid=11149952|pmc=14598}}</ref> 他一生中所发表的论文(至少1,525篇<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oakland.edu/enp/pubinfo/ |title=Publications of Paul Erdős | first=Jerry | last=Grossman |access-date=1 Feb 2011}}</ref>)比历史上其他任何数学家都多<ref name="newman2001"/>。莱昂哈德·欧拉Leonhard Euler发表过的数学论文页数更多,但单独的论文却较少(大约800篇)。<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.math.dartmouth.edu/~euler/FAQ.html| work=The Euler Archive| title=Frequently Asked Questions| publisher=Dartmouth College}}</ref>而埃尔德什的大部分时间都在旅居中,其拜访过全球500多个合作者。
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保罗·埃尔德什Paul Erdős(1913年至1996年)是一位在业界产生有影响力的匈牙利数学家,其一生中大量的时间都在与很多同事合作撰写论文,致力于解决困扰已久的疑难数学问题。<ref name="newman2001">{{cite journal|last=Newman|first=Mark E. J.|title=The structure of scientific collaboration networks|journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]]| year=2001| doi=10.1073/pnas.021544898| volume=98|issue=2|pages=404–409|pmid=11149952|pmc=14598}}</ref> 他一生中所发表的论文(至少1,525篇<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oakland.edu/enp/pubinfo/ |title=Publications of Paul Erdős | first=Jerry | last=Grossman |access-date=1 Feb 2011}}</ref>)比历史上其他任何数学家都多<ref name="newman2001"/>。莱昂哈德·欧拉Leonhard Euler发表过的数学论文页数更多,但单独的论文却较少(大约800篇)。<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.math.dartmouth.edu/~euler/FAQ.html| work=The Euler Archive| title=Frequently Asked Questions| publisher=Dartmouth College}}</ref>而埃尔德什的大部分时间都在旅居中,其拜访过全球500多个合作者。
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[[文件:Paul Erdos with Terence Tao.jpg|缩略图|右|1985年,保罗·埃尔德什在阿德莱德大学任教,他的学生陶哲轩(Terence Tao)当时只有10岁。陶后来成为加州大学洛杉矶分校的数学教授,于2006年获得菲尔兹奖,并于2007年当选为皇家学会会员。他的埃尔德什数为2。]]
 
[[文件:Paul Erdos with Terence Tao.jpg|缩略图|右|1985年,保罗·埃尔德什在阿德莱德大学任教,他的学生陶哲轩(Terence Tao)当时只有10岁。陶后来成为加州大学洛杉矶分校的数学教授,于2006年获得菲尔兹奖,并于2007年当选为皇家学会会员。他的埃尔德什数为2。]]
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多年以来,埃尔德什数在数学家之间一直盛行。在千年之交的所有在职数学家中,都伴随着一个有限埃尔德什数,数字范围最大为15,中位数为5,平均值为4.65。<ref name="Erdős Number Project"/>几乎每个具有有限埃尔德什数的人其数字都小于8。由于当今科学领域跨学科合作的频率很高,因此许多其他科学领域的大量非数学家也具有有限的埃尔德什数。<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oakland.edu/enp/erdpaths/ |title=Some Famous People with Finite Erdős Numbers | first=Jerry | last=Grossman |access-date=1 February 2011}}</ref>例如,政治学家Steven Brams的埃尔德什数为2。在生物医学研究中,统计学家通常是出版物的作者,许多统计学家可以通过John Tukey(其埃尔德什数为2)与埃尔德什链接。同样,著名的遗传学家Eric Lander和数学家Daniel Kleitman在论文上进行了合作,<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 10582576 | doi=10.1089/106652799318364 | volume=6 | title=A dictionary-based approach for gene annotation | year=1999 | journal=J Comput Biol | pages=419–30 | last1 = Pachter | first1 = L | last2 = Batzoglou | first2 = S | last3 = Spitkovsky | first3 = VI | last4 = Banks | first4 = E | last5 = Lander | first5 = ES | last6 = Kleitman | first6 = DJ | last7 = Berger | first7 = B| issue=3–4 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-math.mit.edu/~djk/list.html|title=Publications Since 1980 more or less|first=Daniel|last=Kleitman|author-link=Daniel Kleitman|publisher=[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]}}</ref>由于Kleitman的埃尔德什数为1,<ref>
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多年以来,埃尔德什数在数学家之间一直盛行。在千年之交的所有在职数学家中,都伴随着一个有限埃尔德什数,数字范围最大为15,中位数为5,平均值为4.65。<ref name="Erdős Number Project"/>几乎每个具有有限埃尔德什数的人其数字都小于8。由于当今科学领域跨学科合作的频率很高,因此许多其他科学领域的大量非数学家也具有有限的埃尔德什数。<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oakland.edu/enp/erdpaths/ |title=Some Famous People with Finite Erdős Numbers | first=Jerry | last=Grossman |access-date=1 February 2011}}</ref>例如,政治学家Steven Brams的埃尔德什数为2。在生物医学研究中,统计学家通常是出版物的作者,许多统计学家可以通过John Tukey(其埃尔德什数为2)与埃尔德什链接。同样,著名的遗传学家Eric Lander和数学家Daniel Kleitman在论文上进行了合作,<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 10582576 | doi=10.1089/106652799318364 | volume=6 | title=A dictionary-based approach for gene annotation | year=1999 | journal=J Comput Biol | pages=419–30 | last1 = Pachter | first1 = L | last2 = Batzoglou | first2 = S | last3 = Spitkovsky | first3 = VI | last4 = Banks | first4 = E | last5 = Lander | first5 = ES | last6 = Kleitman | first6 = DJ | last7 = Berger | first7 = B| issue=3–4 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-math.mit.edu/~djk/list.html|title=Publications Since 1980 more or less|first=Daniel|last=Kleitman|publisher=[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]}}</ref>由于Kleitman的埃尔德什数为1,<ref>
{{cite journal | last1 = Erdős | first1 = Paul | author1-link = Paul Erdős |author2-link=Daniel Kleitman|last2=Kleitman|first2=Daniel  | title = On Collections of Subsets Containing No 4-Member Boolean Algebra | journal = [[Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society]] | volume = 28 | issue = 1 | pages = 87–90 |date=April 1971 | doi = 10.2307/2037762 | jstor = 2037762|url=http://www.math-inst.hu/~p_erdos/1971-07.pdf}}</ref>因此可以通过Lander及其众多合作者将遗传学和基因组学领域的大部分联系起来。另外,与Gustavus Simmons的合作为密码研究界内的埃尔德什数打开了大门,许多语言学家拥有有限的埃尔德什数,这许多是由于与Noam Chomsky(埃尔德什数为4),<ref>{{cite web |last=von Fintel |first=Kai |title=My Erdös Number is 8 |url=http://semantics-online.org/2004/01/my-erds-number-is-8 |publisher=Semantics, Inc. |date=2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060823085712/http://semantics-online.org/2004/01/my-erds-number-is-8 |archive-date=23 August 2006}}</ref>William Labov(埃尔德什数为3)等著名学者的合作产生,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~dinkin/ |title=Aaron Dinkin has a web site? |publisher=Ling.upenn.edu |access-date=2010-08-29}}</ref>类似有Mark Liberman(3)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~myl/ |title=Mark Liberman's Home Page |publisher=Ling.upenn.edu |access-date=2010-08-29}}</ref> ,Geoffrey Pullum(3)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stanford.edu/~cgpotts/miscellany.html |title=Christopher Potts: Miscellany |publisher=Stanford.edu |access-date=2010-08-29}}</ref>或Ivan Sag(4)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lingo.stanford.edu/sag/erdos.html |title=Bob's Erdős Number |publisher=Lingo.stanford.edu |access-date=2010-08-29}}</ref>。同时与艺术领域也有联系。<ref>{{cite conference | last1=Bowen | first1=Jonathan P. | author-link1=Jonathan Bowen | last2=Wilson | first2=Robin J. | author-link2=Robin Wilson (mathematician) | editor1-first=Stuart|editor1-last=Dunn|editor2-first=Jonathan P.|editor2-last=Bowen|editor3-first= Kia|editor3-last=Ng | title=Visualising Virtual Communities: From Erdős to the Arts | url=http://ewic.bcs.org/content/ConWebDoc/46141 | book-title= EVA London 2012: Electronic Visualisation and the Arts | publisher=[[British Computer Society]] | series= Electronic Workshops in Computing | pages = 238–244 |date=10–12 July 2012}}</ref>
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{{cite journal | last1 = Erdős | first1 = Paul | author1-link = Paul Erdős |author2-link=Daniel Kleitman|last2=Kleitman|first2=Daniel  | title = On Collections of Subsets Containing No 4-Member Boolean Algebra | journal = [[Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society]] | volume = 28 | issue = 1 | pages = 87–90 |date=April 1971 | doi = 10.2307/2037762 | jstor = 2037762|url=http://www.math-inst.hu/~p_erdos/1971-07.pdf}}</ref>因此可以通过Lander及其众多合作者将遗传学和基因组学领域的大部分联系起来。另外,与Gustavus Simmons的合作为密码研究界内的埃尔德什数打开了大门,许多语言学家拥有有限的埃尔德什数,这许多是由于与Noam Chomsky(埃尔德什数为4),<ref>{{cite web |last=von Fintel |first=Kai |title=My Erdös Number is 8 |url=http://semantics-online.org/2004/01/my-erds-number-is-8 |publisher=Semantics, Inc. |date=2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060823085712/http://semantics-online.org/2004/01/my-erds-number-is-8 |archive-date=23 August 2006}}</ref>William Labov(埃尔德什数为3)等著名学者的合作产生,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~dinkin/ |title=Aaron Dinkin has a web site? |publisher=Ling.upenn.edu |access-date=2010-08-29}}</ref>类似有Mark Liberman(3)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~myl/ |title=Mark Liberman's Home Page |publisher=Ling.upenn.edu |access-date=2010-08-29}}</ref> ,Geoffrey Pullum(3)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stanford.edu/~cgpotts/miscellany.html |title=Christopher Potts: Miscellany |publisher=Stanford.edu |access-date=2010-08-29}}</ref>或Ivan Sag(4)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lingo.stanford.edu/sag/erdos.html |title=Bob's Erdős Number |publisher=Lingo.stanford.edu |access-date=2010-08-29}}</ref>。同时与艺术领域也有联系。<ref>{{cite conference | last1=Bowen | first1=Jonathan P. | last2=Wilson | first2=Robin J. | editor1-first=Stuart|editor1-last=Dunn|editor2-first=Jonathan P.|editor2-last=Bowen|editor3-first= Kia|editor3-last=Ng | title=Visualising Virtual Communities: From Erdős to the Arts | url=http://ewic.bcs.org/content/ConWebDoc/46141 | book-title= EVA London 2012: Electronic Visualisation and the Arts | publisher=[[British Computer Society]] | series= Electronic Workshops in Computing | pages = 238–244 |date=10–12 July 2012}}</ref>
     
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