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第82行： − + − + + + + + − On his return to England from Nyasaland in 1949, at the age of eight, Dawkins joined Chafyn Grove School, in Wiltshire,Alister E. McGrath, Dawkins' God: From The Selfish Gene to The God Delusion (2015), p. 33 and after that from 1954 to 1959 attended Oundle School in Northamptonshire, an English public school with a Church of England ethos, where he was in Laundimer House. While at Oundle, Dawkins read Bertrand Russell's Why I Am Not a Christian for the first time. He studied zoology at Balliol College, Oxford, graduating in 1962; while there, he was tutored by Nobel Prize-winning ethologist Nikolaas Tinbergen. He graduated with second-class honours. − − 1949年，8岁的道金斯从尼亚萨兰回到英格兰，加入了威尔特郡的查芬格罗夫学校，阿利斯特 e. 麦格拉思，道金斯的《上帝: 从自私的基因到上帝错觉》(2015) ，第33页，之后从1954年到1959年，他进入了北安普敦郡的奥德尔学校，一所有着英格兰教会精神的英国公立学校，他在朗迪默学校。在昂德尔的时候，Dawkins 第一次读了伯特兰·罗素的《为什么我不是基督徒》。他于1962年毕业于牛津大学贝利尔学院，学习动物学; 在那里，他得到了诺贝尔奖获得者动物行为学家尼古拉斯·廷贝亨的指导。他以二等荣誉毕业。 第98行：
第99行： − 在丁伯根的指导下，他继续作为一名研究生，在1966年获得了哲学硕士和博士学位，又做了一年的研究助理。关于与媒体的直接联系，请看这一联系，廷伯根是动物行为研究的先驱，特别是在本能、学习和选择领域; 道金斯在这一时期的研究涉及动物决策模型。+ − + 第106行：
第107行： − 从1967年到1969年，道金斯是加州大学伯克利分校的动物学助理教授。在此期间，加州大学伯克利分校的学生和教师大多反对正在进行的越南战争，道金斯参与了反战示威和活动。1970年，他回到牛津大学担任讲师。1990年，他成为动物学的读者。1995年，他被任命为牛津大学的公众科学普及教授，这个职位是 Charles Simonyi 授予的，明确的意图是持有者“应该对公众对某个科学领域的理解做出重要贡献”，第一个持有者应该是 Richard Dawkins。从1995年到2008年，他一直担任教授。+ + 第112行：
第114行： − 自1970年以来，他一直是牛津大学新学院的研究员，现在是名誉研究员。他曾发表多次演讲，包括亨利 · 西奇威克纪念讲座(1989年)、第一次伊拉斯谟斯 · 达尔文纪念讲座(1990年)、迈克尔 · 法拉第讲座(1991年)、 t · h · 赫胥黎纪念讲座(1992年)、欧文纪念讲座(1997年)、丁伯根讲座(2004年)及坦纳讲座(2003年)。1991年，他在《圣诞讲座发表了《在宇宙中成长的孩子》一书。他还编辑了几本期刊，并担任了 Encarta 百科全书和进化百科全书的编辑顾问。他是世俗人文主义自由调查杂志委员会的高级编辑和专栏作家，自《怀疑论》杂志成立以来，他一直是该杂志编辑委员会的成员。+ 第118行：
第120行： − 曾经担任过各种奖项的评委，包括皇家学会的法拉第奖和英国电视学院奖，同时也是英国科学协会生物科学部门的主席。2004年，牛津大学贝利奥尔学院设立了道金斯奖，以表彰“对动物生态和行为的杰出研究，这些动物的福祉和生存可能受到人类活动的威胁”。2008年9月，他从教授职位上退休，宣布计划“写一本针对年轻人的书，在书中他将警告他们不要相信‘反科学’的童话。”+ + 第124行：
第127行： − 2011年，道金斯加入了新人文学院的教授职位，这是一所位于伦敦的私立大学，由 a · c · 格雷林创办，于2012年9月开办。+ + − + − + − {{further|Gene-centred view of evolution}} 第141行：
第144行： − 道金斯最著名的是他将基因作为进化中选择的主要单位而广为人知，这一观点在他的著作《自私的基因》(The Selfish Gene，1976)中得到了最清晰的阐述。他在书中指出，“所有生命都是通过复制实体的不同生存方式进化的”。+ − * 延伸表型(1982) ，其中他将自然选择描述为“复制因子相互超越繁殖的过程”。他向更广泛的受众介绍了他在1977年提出的有影响力的概念，即基因的表型效应不一定局限于有机体，而是可以延伸到环境中，包括其他有机体的表型效应。道金斯认为扩展表型是他对进化生物学最重要的贡献，他认为生态位构建是扩展表型的一个特例。扩展表型的概念有助于解释进化，但它无助于预测特定的结果。+ + 第150行：
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第565行： − − * − * − * − * − * − − − − * − − * − − * − − * − − * − − == External links == − − {{wikimedia|collapsible=true|wikt=no|b=Richard Dawkins|q=Richard Dawkins|n=Category:Richard Dawkins|c=Category:Richard Dawkins|d=Q44461}} − − * {{official website}}{{snds}}The Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science − * {{IMDb name|1468026}} − * {{TED speaker}} − * {{Charlie Rose|4368}} − * {{C-SPAN|Richard Dawkins}} − * {{Guardian topic}} − * [https://www.independent.co.uk/topic/RichardDawkins Richard Dawkins – lasted news] at ''[[The Independent]]'' − * [https://www.nytimes.com/topic/person/richard-dawkins Richard Dawkins] at ''[[The New York Times]]'' − * [http://bigthink.com/experts/richarddawkins Richard Dawkins] at [[Big Think]] − − * The Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science − * − * − * − * − * − * Richard Dawkins – lasted news at The Independent − * Richard Dawkins at The New York Times − * Richard Dawkins at Big Think − − − * 理查德 · 道金斯理性与科学基金会 − * − * − * − * − * − 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无编辑摘要
His parents were interested in natural sciences, and they answered Dawkins's questions in scientific terms. Dawkins describes his childhood as "a normal Anglican upbringing". He embraced Christianity until halfway through his teenage years, at which point he concluded that the theory of evolution alone was a better explanation for life's complexity, and ceased believing in a god. Dawkins states: "The main residual reason why I was religious was from being so impressed with the complexity of life and feeling that it had to have a designer, and I think it was when I realised that Darwinism was a far superior explanation that pulled the rug out from under the argument of design. And that left me with nothing."
His parents were interested in natural sciences, and they answered Dawkins's questions in scientific terms. Dawkins describes his childhood as "a normal Anglican upbringing". He embraced Christianity until halfway through his teenage years, at which point he concluded that the theory of evolution alone was a better explanation for life's complexity, and ceased believing in a god. Dawkins states: "The main residual reason why I was religious was from being so impressed with the complexity of life and feeling that it had to have a designer, and I think it was when I realised that Darwinism was a far superior explanation that pulled the rug out from under the argument of design. And that left me with nothing."
他的父母对自然科学很感兴趣，他们用科学的术语回答了道金斯的问题。道金斯将他的童年描述为“一个正常的英国国教徒的成长过程”。他信奉基督教直到青少年时期的一半，那时他得出结论，进化论本身是对生命复杂性更好的解释，并且不再相信上帝。道金斯说: “我信仰宗教的主要残余原因是，我对生活的复杂性印象深刻，感觉它必须有一个设计师，我认为这是当我意识到达尔文主义是一个远远优越的解释，从设计的论点下拉出地毯。这让我一无所有。”
他的父母对自然科学很感兴趣，他们用科学的术语回答了道金斯的问题。道金斯将他的童年描述为“一个正常的英国国教徒的成长过程”。他信奉基督教直到青少年时期的一半，那时他得出结论，进化论本身是对生命复杂性更好的解释，并且不再相信上帝。道金斯说: “我（当时还）信仰宗教的主要原因是我对生活的复杂性印象深刻，感觉它必须有一个设计师才能出现如此复杂之物。我认为当我意识到达尔文主义是一个更加优越的解释时，我就被拉出了设计论观点。这让我再无信仰宗教的理由。”
=== Education ===
-- [[用户:Qige96|Ricky]] 此段使用了大量意译
=== 教育背景 ===
[[File:Oundlegreathall.jpg|thumb|260px|right|The Great Hall, [[Oundle School]]]]
[[File:Oundlegreathall.jpg|thumb|260px|right|The Great Hall, [[Oundle School]]]]
On his return to England from Nyasaland in 1949, at the age of eight, Dawkins joined [[Chafyn Grove School]], in [[Wiltshire]],<ref>Alister E. McGrath, ''Dawkins' God: From The Selfish Gene to The God Delusion'' (2015), p. 33</ref> and after that from 1954 to 1959 attended [[Oundle School]] in [[Northamptonshire]], an English [[Public school (United Kingdom)|public school]] with a [[Church of England]] ethos,<ref name="Darwin's child"/> where he was in Laundimer House.<ref name="Oundle2012b">{{cite web |ref=CITEREFOundle2012b |url=http://www.oundleschool.org.uk./extracurric/lectures.php |title=The Oundle Lecture Series |publisher=[[Oundle School]] |year=2012b |access-date=12 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430063443/http://www.oundleschool.org.uk/extracurric/lectures.php |archive-date=30 April 2012}}</ref> While at Oundle, Dawkins read [[Bertrand Russell]]'s ''[[Why I Am Not a Christian]]'' for the first time.{{sfn|Dawkins|2015|p=175}} He studied [[zoology]] at [[Balliol College, Oxford]], graduating in 1962; while there, he was tutored by [[Nobel Prize]]-winning ethologist [[Nikolaas Tinbergen]]. He graduated with second-class honours.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3657215/Preaching-to-the-converted.html |title=Preaching to the converted |journal=Daily Telegraph |last=Preston |first=John |date=17 December 2006 |access-date=9 May 2019 |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235 |archive-date=9 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509210248/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3657215/Preaching-to-the-converted.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
On his return to England from Nyasaland in 1949, at the age of eight, Dawkins joined [[Chafyn Grove School]], in [[Wiltshire]],<ref>Alister E. McGrath, ''Dawkins' God: From The Selfish Gene to The God Delusion'' (2015), p. 33</ref> and after that from 1954 to 1959 attended [[Oundle School]] in [[Northamptonshire]], an English [[Public school (United Kingdom)|public school]] with a [[Church of England]] ethos,<ref name="Darwin's child"/> where he was in Laundimer House.<ref name="Oundle2012b">{{cite web |ref=CITEREFOundle2012b |url=http://www.oundleschool.org.uk./extracurric/lectures.php |title=The Oundle Lecture Series |publisher=[[Oundle School]] |year=2012b |access-date=12 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430063443/http://www.oundleschool.org.uk/extracurric/lectures.php |archive-date=30 April 2012}}</ref> While at Oundle, Dawkins read [[Bertrand Russell]]'s ''[[Why I Am Not a Christian]]'' for the first time.{{sfn|Dawkins|2015|p=175}} He studied [[zoology]] at [[Balliol College, Oxford]], graduating in 1962; while there, he was tutored by [[Nobel Prize]]-winning ethologist [[Nikolaas Tinbergen]]. He graduated with second-class honours.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3657215/Preaching-to-the-converted.html |title=Preaching to the converted |journal=Daily Telegraph |last=Preston |first=John |date=17 December 2006 |access-date=9 May 2019 |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235 |archive-date=9 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509210248/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3657215/Preaching-to-the-converted.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
On his return to England from Nyasaland in 1949, at the age of eight, Dawkins joined Chafyn Grove School, in Wiltshire,Alister E. McGrath, Dawkins' God: From The Selfish Gene to The God Delusion (2015), p. 33 and after that from 1954 to 1959 attended Oundle School in Northamptonshire, an English public school with a Church of England ethos, where he was in Laundimer House. While at Oundle, Dawkins read Bertrand Russell's Why I Am Not a Christian for the first time. He studied zoology at Balliol College, Oxford, graduating in 1962; while there, he was tutored by Nobel Prize-winning ethologist Nikolaas Tinbergen. He graduated with second-class honours.
1949年，8岁的道金斯从尼亚萨兰回到英格兰，加入了威尔特郡的查芬格罗夫学校<ref>Alister E. McGrath, ''Dawkins' God: From The Selfish Gene to The God Delusion'' (2015), p. 33</ref>，之后从1954年到1959年，他进入了北安普敦郡的奥德尔学校（Oundle School），一所有着英格兰教会精神的英国公立学校<ref name="Darwin's child"/><ref name="Oundle2012b">{{cite web |ref=CITEREFOundle2012b |url=http://www.oundleschool.org.uk./extracurric/lectures.php |title=The Oundle Lecture Series |publisher=[[Oundle School]] |year=2012b |access-date=12 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430063443/http://www.oundleschool.org.uk/extracurric/lectures.php |archive-date=30 April 2012}}</ref>。在昂德尔的时候，道金斯第一次读了伯特兰·罗素的《为什么我不是基督徒》。他于1962年毕业于牛津大学贝利尔学院，学习动物学。在那里，他得到了诺贝尔奖获得者动物行为学家尼古拉斯·廷贝亨的指导，以二等荣誉毕业。<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3657215/Preaching-to-the-converted.html |title=Preaching to the converted |journal=Daily Telegraph |last=Preston |first=John |date=17 December 2006 |access-date=9 May 2019 |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235 |archive-date=9 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509210248/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3657215/Preaching-to-the-converted.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
He continued as a research student under Tinbergen's supervision, receiving his [[Master of Arts (Oxbridge and Dublin)|MA]] and [[Doctor of Philosophy]]<ref name=dawkins>{{cite thesis |degree=DPhil |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |title=Selective pecking in the domestic chick |publisher=University of Oxford |date=1966 |url=http://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/OXVU1:LSCOP_OX:oxfaleph020515491 |website=bodleian.ox.ac.uk |access-date=8 November 2017 |archive-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121060816/http://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/primo-explore/fulldisplay?vid=SOLO&docid=oxfaleph020515491&context=L&search_scope=LSCOP_OX |url-status=live }} {{EThOS|uk.bl.ethos.710826}}</ref> degrees by 1966, and remained a research assistant for another year.<ref name="cv">{{cite web |url=http://www.fontem.com/archivos/usuarios/cv_521.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103225115/http://www.fontem.com/archivos/usuarios/cv_521.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 November 2012 |title=Curriculum vitae |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |date=1 January 2006 |access-date=13 March 2008}}</ref><ref name="cv2">{{cite web |url=http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/CV.shtml |title=Richard Dawkins: CV |date=1 January 2006 |access-date=1 March 2007 |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423211133/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/CV.shtml |archive-date=23 April 2008}} For direct link to media, see [https://web.archive.org/web/20070225195322/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/CV.pdf this link]</ref> Tinbergen was a pioneer in the study of animal behaviour, particularly in the areas of [[instinct]], learning, and choice;<ref name="Shrage">{{cite news |first=Michael |last=Schrage |title=Revolutionary Evolutionist |date=July 1995 |url=https://www.wired.com/1995/07/dawkins/ |work=Wired |access-date=21 April 2008 |archive-date=29 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429065556/http://www.wired.com/1995/07/dawkins/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Dawkins's research in this period concerned models of animal decision-making.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |title=A threshold model of choice behaviour |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=17 |year=1969 |doi=10.1016/0003-3472(69)90120-1 |pages=120–133 |issue=1}}</ref>
He continued as a research student under Tinbergen's supervision, receiving his [[Master of Arts (Oxbridge and Dublin)|MA]] and [[Doctor of Philosophy]]<ref name=dawkins>{{cite thesis |degree=DPhil |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |title=Selective pecking in the domestic chick |publisher=University of Oxford |date=1966 |url=http://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/OXVU1:LSCOP_OX:oxfaleph020515491 |website=bodleian.ox.ac.uk |access-date=8 November 2017 |archive-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121060816/http://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/primo-explore/fulldisplay?vid=SOLO&docid=oxfaleph020515491&context=L&search_scope=LSCOP_OX |url-status=live }} {{EThOS|uk.bl.ethos.710826}}</ref> degrees by 1966, and remained a research assistant for another year.<ref name="cv">{{cite web |url=http://www.fontem.com/archivos/usuarios/cv_521.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103225115/http://www.fontem.com/archivos/usuarios/cv_521.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 November 2012 |title=Curriculum vitae |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |date=1 January 2006 |access-date=13 March 2008}}</ref><ref name="cv2">{{cite web |url=http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/CV.shtml |title=Richard Dawkins: CV |date=1 January 2006 |access-date=1 March 2007 |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423211133/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/CV.shtml |archive-date=23 April 2008}} For direct link to media, see [https://web.archive.org/web/20070225195322/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/CV.pdf this link]</ref> Tinbergen was a pioneer in the study of animal behaviour, particularly in the areas of [[instinct]], learning, and choice;<ref name="Shrage">{{cite news |first=Michael |last=Schrage |title=Revolutionary Evolutionist |date=July 1995 |url=https://www.wired.com/1995/07/dawkins/ |work=Wired |access-date=21 April 2008 |archive-date=29 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429065556/http://www.wired.com/1995/07/dawkins/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Dawkins's research in this period concerned models of animal decision-making.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |title=A threshold model of choice behaviour |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=17 |year=1969 |doi=10.1016/0003-3472(69)90120-1 |pages=120–133 |issue=1}}</ref>
He continued as a research student under Tinbergen's supervision, receiving his MA and Doctor of Philosophy degrees by 1966, and remained a research assistant for another year. For direct link to media, see this link Tinbergen was a pioneer in the study of animal behaviour, particularly in the areas of instinct, learning, and choice; Dawkins's research in this period concerned models of animal decision-making.
He continued as a research student under Tinbergen's supervision, receiving his MA and Doctor of Philosophy degrees by 1966, and remained a research assistant for another year. For direct link to media, see this link Tinbergen was a pioneer in the study of animal behaviour, particularly in the areas of instinct, learning, and choice; Dawkins's research in this period concerned models of animal decision-making.
在廷贝亨的指导下，他继续作为一名研究生，在1966年获得了哲学硕士和博士学位<ref name=dawkins>{{cite thesis |degree=DPhil |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |title=Selective pecking in the domestic chick |publisher=University of Oxford |date=1966 |url=http://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/OXVU1:LSCOP_OX:oxfaleph020515491 |website=bodleian.ox.ac.uk |access-date=8 November 2017 |archive-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121060816/http://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/primo-explore/fulldisplay?vid=SOLO&docid=oxfaleph020515491&context=L&search_scope=LSCOP_OX |url-status=live }} {{EThOS|uk.bl.ethos.710826}}</ref>，又做了一年的研究助理<ref name="cv">{{cite web |url=http://www.fontem.com/archivos/usuarios/cv_521.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103225115/http://www.fontem.com/archivos/usuarios/cv_521.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 November 2012 |title=Curriculum vitae |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |date=1 January 2006 |access-date=13 March 2008}}</ref><ref name="cv2">{{cite web |url=http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/CV.shtml |title=Richard Dawkins: CV |date=1 January 2006 |access-date=1 March 2007 |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423211133/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/CV.shtml |archive-date=23 April 2008}} For direct link to media, see [https://web.archive.org/web/20070225195322/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/CV.pdf this link]</ref>。廷伯根是动物行为研究的先驱，特别是在本能、学习和选择领域<ref name="Shrage">{{cite news |first=Michael |last=Schrage |title=Revolutionary Evolutionist |date=July 1995 |url=https://www.wired.com/1995/07/dawkins/ |work=Wired |access-date=21 April 2008 |archive-date=29 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429065556/http://www.wired.com/1995/07/dawkins/ |url-status=live }}</ref>。道金斯在这一时期的研究涉及动物决策模型<ref>{{cite journal |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |title=A threshold model of choice behaviour |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=17 |year=1969 |doi=10.1016/0003-3472(69)90120-1 |pages=120–133 |issue=1}}</ref>。
=== Teaching ===
=== 教学生涯 ===
From 1967 to 1969, Dawkins was an assistant professor of zoology at the [[University of California, Berkeley]]. During this period, the students and faculty at UC Berkeley were largely opposed to the ongoing [[Vietnam War]], and Dawkins became involved in the [[Opposition to the Vietnam War|anti-war]] demonstrations and activities.<ref name="belief interview">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/people/dawkins.shtml |title="Belief" interview |access-date=8 April 2008 |date=5 April 2004 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=29 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329090942/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/people/dawkins.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> He returned to the University of Oxford in 1970 as a lecturer. In 1990, he became a [[reader (academic rank)|reader]] in zoology. In 1995, he was appointed [[Simonyi Professorship for the Public Understanding of Science|Simonyi Professor for the Public Understanding of Science]] at Oxford, a position that had been endowed by [[Charles Simonyi]] with the express intention that the holder "be expected to make important contributions to the public understanding of some scientific field",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/aims/charles-simonyis-manifesto.html |title=Manifesto for the Simonyi Professorship |access-date=13 March 2008 |last=Simonyi |first=Charles |author-link=Charles Simonyi |date=15 May 1995 |publisher=The University of Oxford |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205051240/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/aims/charles-simonyis-manifesto.html |archive-date=5 February 2016}}</ref> and that its first holder should be Richard Dawkins.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/aims.html |title=Aims of the Simonyi Professorship |date=23 April 2008 |access-date=28 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206202718/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/aims.html |archive-date=6 February 2016}}</ref> He held that professorship from 1995 until 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/previous-holders-simonyi-professorship.html |title=Previous holders of The Simonyi Professorship |access-date=23 September 2010 |publisher=The University of Oxford |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131193825/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/previous-holders-simonyi-professorship.html |archive-date=31 January 2016}}</ref>
From 1967 to 1969, Dawkins was an assistant professor of zoology at the [[University of California, Berkeley]]. During this period, the students and faculty at UC Berkeley were largely opposed to the ongoing [[Vietnam War]], and Dawkins became involved in the [[Opposition to the Vietnam War|anti-war]] demonstrations and activities.<ref name="belief interview">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/people/dawkins.shtml |title="Belief" interview |access-date=8 April 2008 |date=5 April 2004 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=29 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329090942/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/people/dawkins.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> He returned to the University of Oxford in 1970 as a lecturer. In 1990, he became a [[reader (academic rank)|reader]] in zoology. In 1995, he was appointed [[Simonyi Professorship for the Public Understanding of Science|Simonyi Professor for the Public Understanding of Science]] at Oxford, a position that had been endowed by [[Charles Simonyi]] with the express intention that the holder "be expected to make important contributions to the public understanding of some scientific field",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/aims/charles-simonyis-manifesto.html |title=Manifesto for the Simonyi Professorship |access-date=13 March 2008 |last=Simonyi |first=Charles |author-link=Charles Simonyi |date=15 May 1995 |publisher=The University of Oxford |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205051240/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/aims/charles-simonyis-manifesto.html |archive-date=5 February 2016}}</ref> and that its first holder should be Richard Dawkins.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/aims.html |title=Aims of the Simonyi Professorship |date=23 April 2008 |access-date=28 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206202718/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/aims.html |archive-date=6 February 2016}}</ref> He held that professorship from 1995 until 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/previous-holders-simonyi-professorship.html |title=Previous holders of The Simonyi Professorship |access-date=23 September 2010 |publisher=The University of Oxford |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131193825/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/previous-holders-simonyi-professorship.html |archive-date=31 January 2016}}</ref>
From 1967 to 1969, Dawkins was an assistant professor of zoology at the University of California, Berkeley. During this period, the students and faculty at UC Berkeley were largely opposed to the ongoing Vietnam War, and Dawkins became involved in the anti-war demonstrations and activities. He returned to the University of Oxford in 1970 as a lecturer. In 1990, he became a reader in zoology. In 1995, he was appointed Simonyi Professor for the Public Understanding of Science at Oxford, a position that had been endowed by Charles Simonyi with the express intention that the holder "be expected to make important contributions to the public understanding of some scientific field", and that its first holder should be Richard Dawkins. He held that professorship from 1995 until 2008.
From 1967 to 1969, Dawkins was an assistant professor of zoology at the University of California, Berkeley. During this period, the students and faculty at UC Berkeley were largely opposed to the ongoing Vietnam War, and Dawkins became involved in the anti-war demonstrations and activities. He returned to the University of Oxford in 1970 as a lecturer. In 1990, he became a reader in zoology. In 1995, he was appointed Simonyi Professor for the Public Understanding of Science at Oxford, a position that had been endowed by Charles Simonyi with the express intention that the holder "be expected to make important contributions to the public understanding of some scientific field", and that its first holder should be Richard Dawkins. He held that professorship from 1995 until 2008.
从1967年到1969年，道金斯是加州大学伯克利分校的动物学助理教授。在此期间，加州大学伯克利分校的学生和教师大多反对正在进行的越南战争，道金斯参与了反战示威和活动<ref name="belief interview">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/people/dawkins.shtml |title="Belief" interview |access-date=8 April 2008 |date=5 April 2004 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=29 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329090942/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/people/dawkins.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>。1970年，他回到牛津大学担任讲师。1990年，他成为动物学副教授（Reader in Zoology）。1995年，他被任命为牛津大学的西蒙尼讲席教授（公众科学普及教授），这个职位是查尔斯·西蒙尼授予的，持有者“应该对公众对某个科学领域的理解做出重要贡献”<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/aims/charles-simonyis-manifesto.html |title=Manifesto for the Simonyi Professorship |access-date=13 March 2008 |last=Simonyi |first=Charles |author-link=Charles Simonyi |date=15 May 1995 |publisher=The University of Oxford |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205051240/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/aims/charles-simonyis-manifesto.html |archive-date=5 February 2016}}</ref>。该席位第一个持有者是理查德·道金斯.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/aims.html |title=Aims of the Simonyi Professorship |date=23 April 2008 |access-date=28 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206202718/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/aims.html |archive-date=6 February 2016}}</ref> 。从1995年到2008年，他一直担任该教授席位。<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/previous-holders-simonyi-professorship.html |title=Previous holders of The Simonyi Professorship |access-date=23 September 2010 |publisher=The University of Oxford |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131193825/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/previous-holders-simonyi-professorship.html |archive-date=31 January 2016}}</ref>
Since 1970, he has been a [[Oxford fellow|fellow]] of [[New College, Oxford]], and he is now an [[emeritus]] fellow.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.new.ox.ac.uk/emeritus-honorary-and-wykeham-fellows |title=Emeritus, Honorary and Wykeham Fellows |date=2 May 2008 |access-date=20 January 2016 |publisher=[[New College, Oxford]] |archive-date=10 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070510045539/http://www.new.ox.ac.uk/Teaching_and_Research/Staff_Profile_Page.php?staffId=15 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/previous-holders-simonyi-professorship/professor-richard-dawkins.html |title=The Current Simonyi Professor: Richard Dawkins |access-date=13 March 2008 |publisher=The University of Oxford |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311205030/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/previous-holders-simonyi-professorship/professor-richard-dawkins.html |archive-date=11 March 2016}}</ref> He has delivered many lectures, including the [[Henry Sidgwick]] Memorial Lecture (1989), the first [[Erasmus Darwin]] Memorial Lecture (1990), the [[Michael Faraday]] Lecture (1991), the [[Thomas Henry Huxley|T. H. Huxley]] Memorial Lecture (1992), the [[James Irvine (chemist)|Irvine]] Memorial Lecture (1997), the Tinbergen Lecture (2004), and the [[Tanner Lectures]] (2003).<ref name=cv/> In 1991, he gave the [[Royal Institution Christmas Lectures|Royal Institution Christmas Lectures for Children]] on ''[[Growing Up in the Universe]]''. He also has edited several journals, and has acted as editorial advisor to the ''Encarta Encyclopedia'' and the ''[[Encyclopedia of Evolution]]''. He is listed as a senior editor and a columnist of the [[Council for Secular Humanism]]'s ''Free Inquiry'' magazine, and has been a member of the editorial board of ''[[Skeptic (U.S. magazine)|Skeptic]]'' magazine since its foundation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.skeptic.com/the_magazine/editorial_board.html |title=Editorial Board |access-date=22 April 2008 |publisher=The Skeptics' Society |archive-date=10 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410145522/http://www.skeptic.com/the_magazine/editorial_board.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Since 1970, he has been a [[Oxford fellow|fellow]] of [[New College, Oxford]], and he is now an [[emeritus]] fellow.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.new.ox.ac.uk/emeritus-honorary-and-wykeham-fellows |title=Emeritus, Honorary and Wykeham Fellows |date=2 May 2008 |access-date=20 January 2016 |publisher=[[New College, Oxford]] |archive-date=10 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070510045539/http://www.new.ox.ac.uk/Teaching_and_Research/Staff_Profile_Page.php?staffId=15 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/previous-holders-simonyi-professorship/professor-richard-dawkins.html |title=The Current Simonyi Professor: Richard Dawkins |access-date=13 March 2008 |publisher=The University of Oxford |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311205030/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/previous-holders-simonyi-professorship/professor-richard-dawkins.html |archive-date=11 March 2016}}</ref> He has delivered many lectures, including the [[Henry Sidgwick]] Memorial Lecture (1989), the first [[Erasmus Darwin]] Memorial Lecture (1990), the [[Michael Faraday]] Lecture (1991), the [[Thomas Henry Huxley|T. H. Huxley]] Memorial Lecture (1992), the [[James Irvine (chemist)|Irvine]] Memorial Lecture (1997), the Tinbergen Lecture (2004), and the [[Tanner Lectures]] (2003).<ref name=cv/> In 1991, he gave the [[Royal Institution Christmas Lectures|Royal Institution Christmas Lectures for Children]] on ''[[Growing Up in the Universe]]''. He also has edited several journals, and has acted as editorial advisor to the ''Encarta Encyclopedia'' and the ''[[Encyclopedia of Evolution]]''. He is listed as a senior editor and a columnist of the [[Council for Secular Humanism]]'s ''Free Inquiry'' magazine, and has been a member of the editorial board of ''[[Skeptic (U.S. magazine)|Skeptic]]'' magazine since its foundation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.skeptic.com/the_magazine/editorial_board.html |title=Editorial Board |access-date=22 April 2008 |publisher=The Skeptics' Society |archive-date=10 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410145522/http://www.skeptic.com/the_magazine/editorial_board.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Since 1970, he has been a fellow of New College, Oxford, and he is now an emeritus fellow. He has delivered many lectures, including the Henry Sidgwick Memorial Lecture (1989), the first Erasmus Darwin Memorial Lecture (1990), the Michael Faraday Lecture (1991), the T. H. Huxley Memorial Lecture (1992), the Irvine Memorial Lecture (1997), the Tinbergen Lecture (2004), and the Tanner Lectures (2003). In 1991, he gave the Royal Institution Christmas Lectures for Children on Growing Up in the Universe. He also has edited several journals, and has acted as editorial advisor to the Encarta Encyclopedia and the Encyclopedia of Evolution. He is listed as a senior editor and a columnist of the Council for Secular Humanism's Free Inquiry magazine, and has been a member of the editorial board of Skeptic magazine since its foundation.
Since 1970, he has been a fellow of New College, Oxford, and he is now an emeritus fellow. He has delivered many lectures, including the Henry Sidgwick Memorial Lecture (1989), the first Erasmus Darwin Memorial Lecture (1990), the Michael Faraday Lecture (1991), the T. H. Huxley Memorial Lecture (1992), the Irvine Memorial Lecture (1997), the Tinbergen Lecture (2004), and the Tanner Lectures (2003). In 1991, he gave the Royal Institution Christmas Lectures for Children on Growing Up in the Universe. He also has edited several journals, and has acted as editorial advisor to the Encarta Encyclopedia and the Encyclopedia of Evolution. He is listed as a senior editor and a columnist of the Council for Secular Humanism's Free Inquiry magazine, and has been a member of the editorial board of Skeptic magazine since its foundation.
自1970年以来，他一直是牛津大学新学院（New College, University of Oxford）的研究员，现在是名誉研究员<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.new.ox.ac.uk/emeritus-honorary-and-wykeham-fellows |title=Emeritus, Honorary and Wykeham Fellows |date=2 May 2008 |access-date=20 January 2016 |publisher=[[New College, Oxford]] |archive-date=10 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070510045539/http://www.new.ox.ac.uk/Teaching_and_Research/Staff_Profile_Page.php?staffId=15 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/previous-holders-simonyi-professorship/professor-richard-dawkins.html |title=The Current Simonyi Professor: Richard Dawkins |access-date=13 March 2008 |publisher=The University of Oxford |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311205030/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/previous-holders-simonyi-professorship/professor-richard-dawkins.html |archive-date=11 March 2016}}</ref>。他曾发表多次演讲，包括亨利·西奇威克纪念讲座(1989年)、第一次伊拉斯谟斯·达尔文纪念讲座(1990年)、迈克尔·法拉第讲座(1991年)、 T·H·赫胥黎纪念讲座(1992年)、欧文纪念讲座(1997年)、廷贝亨讲座(2004年)及坦纳讲座(2003年)<ref name=cv/>。1991年，他在皇家学会圣诞讲座发表了《在宇宙中成长的孩子》一书。他还编辑了几本期刊，并担任了 Encarta 百科全书和进化百科全书的编辑顾问。他是世俗人文主义自由调查杂志委员会的高级编辑和专栏作家，自《怀疑论》杂志成立以来，他一直是该杂志编辑委员会的成员。<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.skeptic.com/the_magazine/editorial_board.html |title=Editorial Board |access-date=22 April 2008 |publisher=The Skeptics' Society |archive-date=10 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410145522/http://www.skeptic.com/the_magazine/editorial_board.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Dawkins has sat on judging panels for awards as diverse as the [[Royal Society]]'s [[Faraday Award]] and the [[British Academy Television Awards]],<ref name="cv" /> and has been president of the Biological Sciences section of the [[British Association for the Advancement of Science]]. In 2004, [[Balliol College, Oxford]], instituted the Dawkins Prize, awarded for "outstanding research into the ecology and behaviour of animals whose welfare and survival may be endangered by human activities".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.balliol.ox.ac.uk/official/miscellany/dawkins/index.asp |title=The Dawkins Prize for Animal Conservation and Welfare |access-date=30 March 2008 |date=9 November 2007 |publisher=Balliol College, Oxford |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912192317/http://www.balliol.ox.ac.uk/official/miscellany/dawkins/index.asp |archive-date=12 September 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In September 2008, he retired from his professorship, announcing plans to "write a book aimed at youngsters in which he will warn them against believing in 'anti-scientific' fairytales."<ref name="telegraph2008">{{cite news |title=Harry Potter fails to cast spell over Professor Richard Dawkins |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/3255972/Harry-Potter-fails-to-cast-spell-over-Professor-Richard-Dawkins.html |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |access-date=1 November 2008 |author1=Beckford, Martin |author2=Khan, Urmee |name-list-style=amp |location=London |date=24 October 2008 |archive-date=4 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081104032214/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/3255972/Harry-Potter-fails-to-cast-spell-over-Professor-Richard-Dawkins.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Dawkins has sat on judging panels for awards as diverse as the [[Royal Society]]'s [[Faraday Award]] and the [[British Academy Television Awards]],<ref name="cv" /> and has been president of the Biological Sciences section of the [[British Association for the Advancement of Science]]. In 2004, [[Balliol College, Oxford]], instituted the Dawkins Prize, awarded for "outstanding research into the ecology and behaviour of animals whose welfare and survival may be endangered by human activities".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.balliol.ox.ac.uk/official/miscellany/dawkins/index.asp |title=The Dawkins Prize for Animal Conservation and Welfare |access-date=30 March 2008 |date=9 November 2007 |publisher=Balliol College, Oxford |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912192317/http://www.balliol.ox.ac.uk/official/miscellany/dawkins/index.asp |archive-date=12 September 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In September 2008, he retired from his professorship, announcing plans to "write a book aimed at youngsters in which he will warn them against believing in 'anti-scientific' fairytales."<ref name="telegraph2008">{{cite news |title=Harry Potter fails to cast spell over Professor Richard Dawkins |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/3255972/Harry-Potter-fails-to-cast-spell-over-Professor-Richard-Dawkins.html |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |access-date=1 November 2008 |author1=Beckford, Martin |author2=Khan, Urmee |name-list-style=amp |location=London |date=24 October 2008 |archive-date=4 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081104032214/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/3255972/Harry-Potter-fails-to-cast-spell-over-Professor-Richard-Dawkins.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Dawkins has sat on judging panels for awards as diverse as the Royal Society's Faraday Award and the British Academy Television Awards, and has been president of the Biological Sciences section of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. In 2004, Balliol College, Oxford, instituted the Dawkins Prize, awarded for "outstanding research into the ecology and behaviour of animals whose welfare and survival may be endangered by human activities". In September 2008, he retired from his professorship, announcing plans to "write a book aimed at youngsters in which he will warn them against believing in 'anti-scientific' fairytales."
Dawkins has sat on judging panels for awards as diverse as the Royal Society's Faraday Award and the British Academy Television Awards, and has been president of the Biological Sciences section of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. In 2004, Balliol College, Oxford, instituted the Dawkins Prize, awarded for "outstanding research into the ecology and behaviour of animals whose welfare and survival may be endangered by human activities". In September 2008, he retired from his professorship, announcing plans to "write a book aimed at youngsters in which he will warn them against believing in 'anti-scientific' fairytales."
道金斯曾经担任过各种奖项的评委，包括皇家学会的法拉第奖和英国电视学院奖，同时也是英国科学协会生物科学部门的主席<ref name="cv" />。2004年，牛津大学贝利奥尔学院设立了道金斯奖，以表彰“对动物生态和行为的杰出研究，这些动物的福祉和生存可能受到人类活动的威胁”<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.balliol.ox.ac.uk/official/miscellany/dawkins/index.asp |title=The Dawkins Prize for Animal Conservation and Welfare |access-date=30 March 2008 |date=9 November 2007 |publisher=Balliol College, Oxford |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912192317/http://www.balliol.ox.ac.uk/official/miscellany/dawkins/index.asp |archive-date=12 September 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>。2008年9月，他从教授职位上退休，宣布计划“写一本针对年轻人的书，在书中他将警告他们不要相信‘反科学’的童话。”<ref name="telegraph2008">{{cite news |title=Harry Potter fails to cast spell over Professor Richard Dawkins |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/3255972/Harry-Potter-fails-to-cast-spell-over-Professor-Richard-Dawkins.html |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |access-date=1 November 2008 |author1=Beckford, Martin |author2=Khan, Urmee |name-list-style=amp |location=London |date=24 October 2008 |archive-date=4 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081104032214/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/3255972/Harry-Potter-fails-to-cast-spell-over-Professor-Richard-Dawkins.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 2011, Dawkins joined the professoriate of the [[New College of the Humanities]], a [[private university]] in London established by [[A. C. Grayling]], which opened in September 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/universityeducation/8557555/New-university-to-rival-Oxbridge-will-charge-18000-a-year.html |title=New university to rival Oxbridge will charge £18,000 a year |date=5 June 2011 |access-date=20 January 2016 |work=[[Sunday Telegraph]] |archive-date=29 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429113425/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/universityeducation/8557555/New-university-to-rival-Oxbridge-will-charge-18000-a-year.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 2011, Dawkins joined the professoriate of the [[New College of the Humanities]], a [[private university]] in London established by [[A. C. Grayling]], which opened in September 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/universityeducation/8557555/New-university-to-rival-Oxbridge-will-charge-18000-a-year.html |title=New university to rival Oxbridge will charge £18,000 a year |date=5 June 2011 |access-date=20 January 2016 |work=[[Sunday Telegraph]] |archive-date=29 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429113425/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/universityeducation/8557555/New-university-to-rival-Oxbridge-will-charge-18000-a-year.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 2011, Dawkins joined the professoriate of the New College of the Humanities, a private university in London established by A. C. Grayling, which opened in September 2012.
In 2011, Dawkins joined the professoriate of the New College of the Humanities, a private university in London established by A. C. Grayling, which opened in September 2012.
2011年，道金斯加入了新人文学院的教授职位。这是一所位于伦敦的私立大学，由A·C·格雷林创办，于2012年9月开办。<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/universityeducation/8557555/New-university-to-rival-Oxbridge-will-charge-18000-a-year.html |title=New university to rival Oxbridge will charge £18,000 a year |date=5 June 2011 |access-date=20 January 2016 |work=[[Sunday Telegraph]] |archive-date=29 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429113425/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/universityeducation/8557555/New-university-to-rival-Oxbridge-will-charge-18000-a-year.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
== Work ==
== 工作 ==
===Evolutionary biology===
===演化生物学===
[[File:Dawkins at UT Austin.jpg|thumb|right|upright|At the [[University of Texas at Austin]], March 2008]]
[[File:Dawkins at UT Austin.jpg|thumb|right|upright|At the [[University of Texas at Austin]], March 2008]]
* The Extended Phenotype (1982), in which he describes natural selection as "the process whereby replicators out-propagate each other". He introduces to a wider audience the influential concept he presented in 1977, that the phenotypic effects of a gene are not necessarily limited to an organism's body, but can stretch far into the environment, including the bodies of other organisms. Dawkins regarded the extended phenotype as his single most important contribution to evolutionary biology and he considered niche construction to be a special case of extended phenotype. The concept of extended phenotype helps explain evolution, but it does not help predict specific outcomes.
* The Extended Phenotype (1982), in which he describes natural selection as "the process whereby replicators out-propagate each other". He introduces to a wider audience the influential concept he presented in 1977, that the phenotypic effects of a gene are not necessarily limited to an organism's body, but can stretch far into the environment, including the bodies of other organisms. Dawkins regarded the extended phenotype as his single most important contribution to evolutionary biology and he considered niche construction to be a special case of extended phenotype. The concept of extended phenotype helps explain evolution, but it does not help predict specific outcomes.
道金斯最著名的是他将基因作为进化中选择的主要单位而广为人知<ref>{{cite book |title=Richard Dawkins: How a Scientist Changed the Way We Think : Reflections by Scientists, Writers, and Philosophers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lH4sh2436rEC&q=%22evolutionary+biologist%22 |year=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-921466-2 |page=228 |first1=Mark |last1=Ridley |access-date=27 January 2016 |archive-date=19 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319065837/http://books.google.com/books?id=lH4sh2436rEC&q=%22evolutionary+biologist%22 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Lloyd |first=Elisabeth Anne |title=The structure and confirmation of evolutionary theory |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hO8vHTSiBkAC |year=1994 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-00046-6 |access-date=20 May 2020 |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523013222/https://books.google.com/books?id=hO8vHTSiBkAC |url-status=live }}</ref>，这一观点在他的著作《自私的基因》(The Selfish Gene，1976)中得到了最清晰的阐述。他在书中指出，“所有生命都是通过复制实体的不同生存方式进化的”。在《扩展的表现型》(Extended Phenotype, 1982) 中他将自然选择描述为“复制因子相互超越繁殖的过程”。此外他还向更广泛的受众介绍了他在1977年提出的有影响力的概念<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dawkins |first1=Richard |title=Replicator Selection and the Extended Phenotype |journal=Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie |date=1978 |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=61–76 |doi=10.1111/j.1439-0310.1978.tb01823.x |pmid=696023}}</ref>，即基因的表现型效应不一定局限于有机体，而是可以延伸到环境中，包括其他有机体的表现型效应。道金斯认为扩展表型是他对进化生物学最重要的贡献，他认为生态位构建是扩展表型的一个特例。扩展表型的概念有助于解释进化，但它无助于预测特定的结果。<ref name="esf">{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/01/090119081333.htm |title=European Evolutionary Biologists Rally Behind Richard Dawkins's Extended Phenotype |publisher=Sciencedaily.com |date=20 January 2009 |access-date=28 June 2011 |archive-date=13 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213083316/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/01/090119081333.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
Dawkins has consistently been <!-- PLEASE NOTE: 'sceptical' is the correct British spelling, and Dawkins is British -->sceptical about non-adaptive processes in evolution (such as [[spandrel (biology)|spandrels]], described by [[Stephen Jay Gould|Gould]] and [[Richard Lewontin|Lewontin]])<ref name="gould-lewontin">{{cite journal |last=Gould |first=Stephen Jay |author-link=Stephen Jay Gould |author2=Lewontin, Richard C. |author2-link=Richard Lewontin |year=1979 |title=The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm: A Critique of the Adaptationist Programme |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London |volume=205 |issue=1161 |series=B |pages=581–98 |doi=10.1098/rspb.1979.0086 |pmid=42062 |bibcode=1979RSPSB.205..581G|s2cid=2129408 }}</ref> and about selection at levels "above" that of the gene.<ref name=Extended_Phenotype>{{cite book |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |title=The extended phenotype: the long reach of the gene |url=https://archive.org/details/extendedphenotyp0000dawk |url-access=registration |year=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0192880512 |edition=Revised with new afterword and further reading}}</ref> He is particularly <!-- PLEASE NOTE: 'sceptical' is the correct British spelling, and Dawkins is British -->sceptical about the practical possibility or importance of [[group selection]] as a basis for understanding [[altruism]].{{sfn|Dawkins|2006|p=169–72}}
Dawkins has consistently been <!-- PLEASE NOTE: 'sceptical' is the correct British spelling, and Dawkins is British -->sceptical about non-adaptive processes in evolution (such as [[spandrel (biology)|spandrels]], described by [[Stephen Jay Gould|Gould]] and [[Richard Lewontin|Lewontin]])<ref name="gould-lewontin">{{cite journal |last=Gould |first=Stephen Jay |author-link=Stephen Jay Gould |author2=Lewontin, Richard C. |author2-link=Richard Lewontin |year=1979 |title=The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm: A Critique of the Adaptationist Programme |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London |volume=205 |issue=1161 |series=B |pages=581–98 |doi=10.1098/rspb.1979.0086 |pmid=42062 |bibcode=1979RSPSB.205..581G|s2cid=2129408 }}</ref> and about selection at levels "above" that of the gene.<ref name=Extended_Phenotype>{{cite book |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |title=The extended phenotype: the long reach of the gene |url=https://archive.org/details/extendedphenotyp0000dawk |url-access=registration |year=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0192880512 |edition=Revised with new afterword and further reading}}</ref> He is particularly <!-- PLEASE NOTE: 'sceptical' is the correct British spelling, and Dawkins is British -->sceptical about the practical possibility or importance of [[group selection]] as a basis for understanding [[altruism]].{{sfn|Dawkins|2006|p=169–72}}
This behaviour appears at first to be an evolutionary paradox, since helping others costs precious resources and decreases one's own fitness. Previously, many had interpreted this as an aspect of group selection: individuals are doing what is best for the survival of the population or species as a whole. British evolutionary biologist W. D. Hamilton used gene-frequency analysis in his inclusive fitness theory to show how hereditary altruistic traits can evolve if there is sufficient genetic similarity between actors and recipients of such altruism (including close relatives). Hamilton's inclusive fitness has since been successfully applied to a wide range of organisms, including humans. Similarly, Robert Trivers, thinking in terms of the gene-centred model, developed the theory of reciprocal altruism, whereby one organism provides a benefit to another in the expectation of future reciprocation. Dawkins popularised these ideas in The Selfish Gene, and developed them in his own work. In June 2012, Dawkins was highly critical of fellow biologist E. O. Wilson's 2012 book The Social Conquest of Earth as misunderstanding Hamilton's theory of kin selection. Dawkins has also been strongly critical of the Gaia hypothesis of the independent scientist James Lovelock. Extract of page 178 Extract of p. 72 Extract of p. 223
This behaviour appears at first to be an evolutionary paradox, since helping others costs precious resources and decreases one's own fitness. Previously, many had interpreted this as an aspect of group selection: individuals are doing what is best for the survival of the population or species as a whole. British evolutionary biologist W. D. Hamilton used gene-frequency analysis in his inclusive fitness theory to show how hereditary altruistic traits can evolve if there is sufficient genetic similarity between actors and recipients of such altruism (including close relatives). Hamilton's inclusive fitness has since been successfully applied to a wide range of organisms, including humans. Similarly, Robert Trivers, thinking in terms of the gene-centred model, developed the theory of reciprocal altruism, whereby one organism provides a benefit to another in the expectation of future reciprocation. Dawkins popularised these ideas in The Selfish Gene, and developed them in his own work. In June 2012, Dawkins was highly critical of fellow biologist E. O. Wilson's 2012 book The Social Conquest of Earth as misunderstanding Hamilton's theory of kin selection. Dawkins has also been strongly critical of the Gaia hypothesis of the independent scientist James Lovelock. Extract of page 178 Extract of p. 72 Extract of p. 223
道金斯一直对进化过程中的非适应性过程(如古尔德和路翁丁所描述的卷轴)以及“高于”基因水平的选择持怀疑态度。他特别怀疑群体选择作为理解利他主义的基础的实际可能性或重要性。这种行为起初似乎是一种进化悖论，因为帮助他人会耗费宝贵的资源，并降低自己的适应能力。以前，许多人把这解释为群体选择的一个方面: 个体做的是对种群或整个物种的生存最有利的事情。英国进化生物学家 w. d. Hamilton 在他的整体适应度理论中使用基因频率分析来说明如果这种利他主义的行为者和接受者(包括近亲)之间有足够的遗传相似性，那么遗传的利他主义特征是如何进化的。汉密尔顿的整体适应度已经成功地应用于包括人类在内的广泛的生物体中。类似地，Robert Trivers，从以基因为中心的模型的角度思考，发展了互利主义理论，即一个有机体在对未来互换的预期中为另一个有机体提供利益。道金斯在《自私的基因》中推广了这些观点，并在自己的作品中加以发展。2012年6月，道金斯对生物学家 e. o. 威尔逊2012年出版的《地球的社会征服》一书提出严厉批评，认为该书误解了汉密尔顿的亲缘选择理论。道金斯还强烈批评独立科学家詹姆斯 · 洛夫洛克的盖亚假说。第178页摘录第72页摘录第223页
道金斯一直对进化过程中的非适应性过程(如古尔德和路翁丁所描述的 Spandrels)以及“高于”基因水平的选择持怀疑态度ref name="gould-lewontin">{{cite journal |last=Gould |first=Stephen Jay |author-link=Stephen Jay Gould |author2=Lewontin, Richard C. |author2-link=Richard Lewontin |year=1979 |title=The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm: A Critique of the Adaptationist Programme |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London |volume=205 |issue=1161 |series=B |pages=581–98 |doi=10.1098/rspb.1979.0086 |pmid=42062 |bibcode=1979RSPSB.205..581G|s2cid=2129408 }}</ref> and about selection at levels "above" that of the gene.<ref name=Extended_Phenotype>{{cite book |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |title=The extended phenotype: the long reach of the gene |url=https://archive.org/details/extendedphenotyp0000dawk |url-access=registration |year=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0192880512 |edition=Revised with new afterword and further reading}}</ref>。他特别怀疑群体选择作为理解利他主义的基础的实际可能性或重要性。这种行为起初似乎是一种进化悖论，因为帮助他人会耗费宝贵的资源，并降低自己的适应能力。以前，许多人把这解释为群体选择的一个方面：个体做的是对种群或整个物种的生存最有利的事情。英国进化生物学家W.D.汉密尔顿在他的整体适应度理论中使用基因频率分析来说明，如果这种利他主义的行为者和接受者(包括近亲)之间有足够的遗传相似性，那么遗传的利他主义特征是如何进化的<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=W.D. |author-link=W. D. Hamilton |title=The genetical evolution of social behaviour I and II |journal=Journal of Theoretical Biology |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=1–16, 17–52 |year=1964 |doi=10.1016/0022-5193(64)90038-4 |pmid=5875341}}</ref>{{Ref label|a|a|none}}。汉密尔顿的整体适应度已经成功地应用于包括人类在内的广泛的生物体中。类似地，罗伯特·泰弗士从以基因为中心的模型的角度思考，发展了互利主义理论，即一个有机体在对未来互换的预期中为另一个有机体提供利益<ref>{{cite journal |last=Trivers |first=Robert |title=The evolution of reciprocal altruism |journal=Quarterly Review of Biology |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=35–57 |year=1971 |doi=10.1086/406755 |s2cid=19027999 |url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/4e671994e5b0c7aefbecd050e95fdb45272d7e12 |access-date=16 December 2019 |archive-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121060816/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Evolution-of-Reciprocal-Altruism-Trivers/4e671994e5b0c7aefbecd050e95fdb45272d7e12 |url-status=live }}</ref>。道金斯在《自私的基因》中推广了这些观点，并在自己的作品中加以发展<ref name="dawkins79">{{cite journal |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |title=Twelve Misunderstandings of Kin Selection |journal=Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie |volume=51 |pages=184–200 |year=1979 |issue=2 |url=http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/writings/Twelve%20Misunderstandings%20of%20Kin%20Selection.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529180009/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/writings/Twelve%20Misunderstandings%20of%20Kin%20Selection.pdf |archive-date=29 May 2008 |doi=10.1111/j.1439-0310.1979.tb00682.x}}</ref>。2012年6月，道金斯对生物学家 e. o. 威尔逊2012年出版的《地球的社会征服》一书提出严厉批评，认为该书误解了汉密尔顿的亲缘选择理论<ref>{{cite news |last=Thorpe |first=Vanessa |title=Richard Dawkins in furious row with EO Wilson over theory of evolution. Book review sparks war of words between grand old man of biology and Oxford's most high-profile Darwinist |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/jun/24/battle-of-the-professors |access-date=3 October 2012 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=24 June 2012 |location=London |archive-date=6 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506014702/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/jun/24/battle-of-the-professors |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dawkins |first1=Richard |title=The Descent of Edward Wilson |url=http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/edward-wilson-social-conquest-earth-evolutionary-errors-origin-species |access-date=24 October 2015 |work=[[Prospect (magazine)|Prospect]] |date=24 May 2012 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924105332/http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/edward-wilson-social-conquest-earth-evolutionary-errors-origin-species |url-status=live }}</ref>。道金斯还强烈批评独立科学家詹姆斯·洛夫洛克的盖亚假说。<ref>{{cite book |title=The molecular biology of Gaia |url=https://archive.org/details/molecularbiology0000will |url-access=registration |year=1996 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-10512-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/molecularbiology0000will/page/178 178] |first1=George Ronald |last1=Williams}} [https://archive.org/details/molecularbiology0000will/page/178 Extract of page 178]</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Scientists debate gaia: the next century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TOi1Cyj9h1UC |year=2004 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-19498-3 |page=72 |first1=Stephen Henry |last1=Schneider |access-date=27 January 2016 |archive-date=29 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729013112/https://books.google.com/books?id=TOi1Cyj9h1UC |url-status=live }} [https://books.google.com/books?id=TOi1Cyj9h1UC&pg=PA72 Extract of p. 72] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319005453/http://books.google.com/books?id=TOi1Cyj9h1UC&pg=PA72 |date=19 March 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Unweaving the Rainbow: Science, Delusion and the Appetite for Wonder |journal=Unweaving the Rainbow : Science |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZudTchiioUoC |year=2000 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=978-0-618-05673-6 |page=223 |first1=Richard |last1=Dawkins |bibcode=1998ursd.book.....D |access-date=27 January 2016 |archive-date=21 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921122549/http://books.google.com/books?id=ZudTchiioUoC |url-status=live }} [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZudTchiioUoC&pg=PA223 Extract of p. 223] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319064040/http://books.google.com/books?id=ZudTchiioUoC&pg=PA223 |date=19 March 2015 }}</ref>
Critics of Dawkins's biological approach suggest that taking the [[gene]] as the unit of ''selection'' (a single event in which an individual either succeeds or fails to reproduce) is misleading. The gene could be better described, they say, as a unit of ''evolution'' (the long-term changes in [[allele]] frequencies in a population).<ref>{{cite book |last=Dover |first=Gabriel |title=Dear Mr Darwin |year=2000 |publisher=London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson |isbn=978-0-7538-1127-6}}</ref> In ''The Selfish Gene'', Dawkins explains that he is using [[George C. Williams (biologist)|George C. Williams]]'s definition of the gene as "that which segregates and recombines with appreciable frequency".<ref>{{cite book |last=Williams |first=George C. |title=Adaptation and Natural Selection |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWZEq87CqO0C |year=1966 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=United States |isbn=978-0-691-02615-2 |access-date=20 May 2020 |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523013348/https://books.google.com/books?id=wWZEq87CqO0C |url-status=live }}</ref> Another common objection is that a gene cannot survive alone, but must cooperate with other genes to build an individual, and therefore a gene cannot be an independent "unit".<ref>{{cite book |last=Mayr |first=Ernst |author-link=Ernst Mayr |title=What Evolution Is |year=2000 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-465-04426-9}}</ref> In ''The Extended Phenotype'', Dawkins suggests that from an individual gene's viewpoint, all other genes are part of the environment to which it is adapted.
Critics of Dawkins's biological approach suggest that taking the [[gene]] as the unit of ''selection'' (a single event in which an individual either succeeds or fails to reproduce) is misleading. The gene could be better described, they say, as a unit of ''evolution'' (the long-term changes in [[allele]] frequencies in a population).<ref>{{cite book |last=Dover |first=Gabriel |title=Dear Mr Darwin |year=2000 |publisher=London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson |isbn=978-0-7538-1127-6}}</ref> In ''The Selfish Gene'', Dawkins explains that he is using [[George C. Williams (biologist)|George C. Williams]]'s definition of the gene as "that which segregates and recombines with appreciable frequency".<ref>{{cite book |last=Williams |first=George C. |title=Adaptation and Natural Selection |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWZEq87CqO0C |year=1966 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=United States |isbn=978-0-691-02615-2 |access-date=20 May 2020 |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523013348/https://books.google.com/books?id=wWZEq87CqO0C |url-status=live }}</ref> Another common objection is that a gene cannot survive alone, but must cooperate with other genes to build an individual, and therefore a gene cannot be an independent "unit".<ref>{{cite book |last=Mayr |first=Ernst |author-link=Ernst Mayr |title=What Evolution Is |year=2000 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-465-04426-9}}</ref> In ''The Extended Phenotype'', Dawkins suggests that from an individual gene's viewpoint, all other genes are part of the environment to which it is adapted.
Critics of Dawkins's biological approach suggest that taking the gene as the unit of selection (a single event in which an individual either succeeds or fails to reproduce) is misleading. The gene could be better described, they say, as a unit of evolution (the long-term changes in allele frequencies in a population). In The Selfish Gene, Dawkins explains that he is using George C. Williams's definition of the gene as "that which segregates and recombines with appreciable frequency". Another common objection is that a gene cannot survive alone, but must cooperate with other genes to build an individual, and therefore a gene cannot be an independent "unit". In The Extended Phenotype, Dawkins suggests that from an individual gene's viewpoint, all other genes are part of the environment to which it is adapted.
Critics of Dawkins's biological approach suggest that taking the gene as the unit of selection (a single event in which an individual either succeeds or fails to reproduce) is misleading. The gene could be better described, they say, as a unit of evolution (the long-term changes in allele frequencies in a population). In The Selfish Gene, Dawkins explains that he is using George C. Williams's definition of the gene as "that which segregates and recombines with appreciable frequency". Another common objection is that a gene cannot survive alone, but must cooperate with other genes to build an individual, and therefore a gene cannot be an independent "unit". In The Extended Phenotype, Dawkins suggests that from an individual gene's viewpoint, all other genes are part of the environment to which it is adapted.
道金斯的生物学方法的批评者认为，把基因作为选择的单位(一个个体要么成功要么失败的单一事件)是误导性的。他们说，这种基因可以更好地描述为一个进化单位(一个种群中等位基因频率的长期变化)。在《自私的基因》一书中，Dawkins 解释说他使用的是乔治·C ·威廉斯对基因的定义，即“以可观的频率分离和重组基因”。另一个常见的反对意见是，一个基因不能单独存活，而必须与其他基因合作来建立一个个体，因此一个基因不可能是一个独立的“单元”。在《延伸表型》一书中，道金斯提出，从单个基因的观点来看，所有其他基因都是它所适应的环境的一部分。
道金斯的生物学方法的批评者认为，把基因作为选择的单位(一个个体要么成功要么失败的单一事件)是具有误导性的。他们说，这种基因可以更好地描述为一个进化单位(一个种群中等位基因频率的长期变化)<ref>{{cite book |last=Dover |first=Gabriel |title=Dear Mr Darwin |year=2000 |publisher=London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson |isbn=978-0-7538-1127-6}}</ref> 。在《自私的基因》一书中，道金斯解释说他使用的是乔治·C ·威廉斯对基因的定义，即“以可观的频率分离和重组”<ref>{{cite book |last=Williams |first=George C. |title=Adaptation and Natural Selection |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWZEq87CqO0C |year=1966 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=United States |isbn=978-0-691-02615-2 |access-date=20 May 2020 |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523013348/https://books.google.com/books?id=wWZEq87CqO0C |url-status=live }}</ref>。另一个常见的反对意见是，一个基因不能单独存活，而必须与其他基因合作来建立一个个体，因此一个基因不可能是一个独立的“单元”<ref>{{cite book |last=Mayr |first=Ernst |author-link=Ernst Mayr |title=What Evolution Is |year=2000 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-465-04426-9}}</ref> 。在《扩展的表现型》一书中，道金斯提出，从单个基因的观点来看，所有其他基因都是它所适应的环境的一部分。
Advocates for higher levels of selection (such as [[Richard Lewontin]], [[David Sloan Wilson]], and [[Elliott Sober]]) suggest that there are many phenomena (including altruism) that gene-based selection cannot satisfactorily explain. The philosopher [[Mary Midgley]], with whom Dawkins clashed in print concerning ''The Selfish Gene'',<ref>{{Cite news |last=Midgley |first=Mary |year=1979 |title=Gene-Juggling |periodical=Philosophy |volume=54 |issue=210 |pages=439–58 |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=3520652 |doi=10.1017/S0031819100063488 |access-date=18 March 2008 |archive-date=31 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731184320/http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=3520652 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |year=1981 |title=In Defence of Selfish Genes |periodical=Philosophy |volume=56 |pages=556–73 |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=3512724 |doi=10.1017/S0031819100050580 |access-date=17 March 2008 |archive-date=31 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731181424/http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=3512724 |url-status=live }}</ref> has criticised gene selection, memetics, and sociobiology as being excessively [[reductionism|reductionist]];<ref>{{cite book |last=Midgley |first=Mary |title=Science and Poetry |year=2000 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-27632-0}}</ref> she has suggested that the popularity of Dawkins's work is due to factors in the [[Zeitgeist]] such as the increased individualism of the Thatcher/Reagan decades.<ref>{{cite book |first=Mary |last=Midgley |title=The solitary self: Darwin and the selfish gene |year=2010 |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |isbn=978-1-84465-253-2}}</ref> Besides, other, more recent views and analysis on his popular science works also exist.<ref>{{cite book |first=Alan G.|last=Gross|title=The Scientific Sublime: Popular Science Unravels the Mysteries of the Universe (Chapter 11: Richard Dawkins: The Mathematical Sublime) |year=2018|publisher=Oxford University Press |asin=B07C8L2CZY}}</ref>
Advocates for higher levels of selection (such as [[Richard Lewontin]], [[David Sloan Wilson]], and [[Elliott Sober]]) suggest that there are many phenomena (including altruism) that gene-based selection cannot satisfactorily explain. The philosopher [[Mary Midgley]], with whom Dawkins clashed in print concerning ''The Selfish Gene'',<ref>{{Cite news |last=Midgley |first=Mary |year=1979 |title=Gene-Juggling |periodical=Philosophy |volume=54 |issue=210 |pages=439–58 |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=3520652 |doi=10.1017/S0031819100063488 |access-date=18 March 2008 |archive-date=31 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731184320/http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=3520652 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |year=1981 |title=In Defence of Selfish Genes |periodical=Philosophy |volume=56 |pages=556–73 |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=3512724 |doi=10.1017/S0031819100050580 |access-date=17 March 2008 |archive-date=31 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731181424/http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=3512724 |url-status=live }}</ref> has criticised gene selection, memetics, and sociobiology as being excessively [[reductionism|reductionist]];<ref>{{cite book |last=Midgley |first=Mary |title=Science and Poetry |year=2000 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-27632-0}}</ref> she has suggested that the popularity of Dawkins's work is due to factors in the [[Zeitgeist]] such as the increased individualism of the Thatcher/Reagan decades.<ref>{{cite book |first=Mary |last=Midgley |title=The solitary self: Darwin and the selfish gene |year=2010 |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |isbn=978-1-84465-253-2}}</ref> Besides, other, more recent views and analysis on his popular science works also exist.<ref>{{cite book |first=Alan G.|last=Gross|title=The Scientific Sublime: Popular Science Unravels the Mysteries of the Universe (Chapter 11: Richard Dawkins: The Mathematical Sublime) |year=2018|publisher=Oxford University Press |asin=B07C8L2CZY}}</ref>
* {{cite book |title=Books do Furnish a Life: Reading and Writing Science |publisher=Transworld |year=2021 |isbn=978-1787633698 }}
* {{cite book |title=Books do Furnish a Life: Reading and Writing Science |publisher=Transworld |year=2021 |isbn=978-1787633698 }}
=== Documentary films ===
=== Documentary films ===
* 《好男人》(Nice Guys Finish First，1986)
* 《好男人》(Nice Guys Finish First，1986)
* 《盲眼钟表匠》(1987)
* 《盲眼钟表匠》(The Blind Watchmaker，1987) <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbcactive.com/BroadCastLearning/asp/catalogue/productdetail.asp?productcode=207 |title=BBC Educational and Documentary: Blind Watchmaker |last=Staff |publisher=BBC |access-date=2 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070616012920/http://www.bbcactive.com/BroadCastLearning/asp/catalogue/productdetail.asp?productcode=207 |archive-date=16 June 2007}}</ref>
* 《在宇宙中成长》(Growing Up in The Universe，1991)
* 《在宇宙中成长》(Growing Up in The Universe，1991)
* 《打破科学壁垒》(Break The Science Barrier，1996)
* 《打破科学壁垒》(Break The Science Barrier，1996)
* 《无神论》录音带(The Atheism Tapes，2004)
* 《无神论》录音带(The Atheism Tapes，2004)
* 《大问题》(The Big Question，2005)-《我们为什么在这里》(Why Are We Here?)
* 《大问题》(The Big Question，2005)-《我们为什么在这里》(Why Are We Here?)
* 万恶之源？(2006)
* 《万恶之源？》（The Root of All Evil?，2006）
* 《理性的敌人》(2007)
* 《理性的敌人》(The Enemies of Reason，2007)
* 《查尔斯 · 达尔文的天才》(2008)
* 《查尔斯 · 达尔文的天才》(The Genius of Charles Darwin，2008)
* 《目的的目的》(2009)——美国大学巡回演讲
* 《目的的目的》(The Purpose of Purpose，2009)——美国大学巡回演讲
* 《信仰学校的威胁？(2010)
* 《信仰学校的威胁？）(Faith School Menace?，2010)
* 美丽的心灵(2012年4月)-BBC4纪录片
* 《美丽的心灵》(Beautiful Minds，2012)-BBC4 纪录片
* 性、死亡与生命的意义(2012)
* 《性、死亡与生命的意义》(Sex, Death and the Meaning of Life，2012) <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.channel4.com/programmes/sex-death-and-the-meaning-of-life/episode-guide/series-1 |last=Staff |title=Sex, Death and the Meaning of Life |publisher=Channel 4 |access-date=16 October 2012 |archive-date=15 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015183103/http://www.channel4.com/programmes/sex-death-and-the-meaning-of-life/episode-guide/series-1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 无信仰者(2013)
* 《无信仰者》(The Unbelievers，2013)
=== Other appearances ===
=== Other appearances ===
* {{cite book |title=Richard Dawkins: How A Scientist Changed the Way We Think |last=Grafen |first=Alan |author-link=Alan Grafen |author2=Ridley, Mark |author2-link=Mark Ridley (zoologist) |year=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-929116-8 |ref={{sfnRef|Grafen|2006}}|url= https://archive.org/details/richarddawkinsho00alan}}
* {{cite book |title=Richard Dawkins: How A Scientist Changed the Way We Think |last=Grafen |first=Alan |author-link=Alan Grafen |author2=Ridley, Mark |author2-link=Mark Ridley (zoologist) |year=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-929116-8 |ref={{sfnRef|Grafen|2006}}|url= https://archive.org/details/richarddawkinsho00alan}}
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