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第223行： − 道金斯在13岁时加入英国国教，但他开始对这些信仰产生怀疑。他说，他对科学和进化过程的理解使他质疑，在文明世界中担任领导职务的成年人怎么还没有受过生物学方面的教育，他还对在科学领域精通的人中怎么还能保持对上帝的信仰感到困惑。道金斯指出，一些物理学家用“上帝”来比喻宇宙中普遍存在的令人敬畏的神秘事物，这在人们中间造成了困惑和误解，他们错误地认为自己在谈论一个神秘的存在，这个存在可以宽恕罪恶，改变葡萄酒的质量，或者让人们在死后继续活着。他不同意史蒂芬·古尔德的不重叠的原则，并建议上帝的存在应该被视为一个科学假说像任何其他。道金斯成为了一个著名的宗教批评家，并表示他对宗教的反对是双重的: 宗教既是冲突的来源，也是无证据信仰的正当理由。他认为信仰——没有事实依据的信仰——是“世界上最大的罪恶之一”。+ + 第230行：
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第237行： − 自从2006年他最畅销的书《上帝错觉出版以来，Dawkins 在有关科学和宗教的公共辩论中声名鹊起，这本书成为了国际畅销书。截至2015年，该书已售出300多万册，并被翻译成30多种语言。它的成功已被许多人视为当代文化时代精神变化的标志，也被认为是新无神论的兴起。道金斯在书中主张，几乎可以肯定，超自然的创造者是不存在的，宗教信仰是一种错觉ーー“一种固定的错误信仰”。在2002年2月的 TED 演讲中，道金斯呼吁所有无神论者公开表明自己的立场，抵制教会对政治和科学的入侵。2007年9月30日，Dawkins，克里斯托弗·希钦斯，Sam Harris，和 Daniel Dennett 在 Hitchens 的住所进行了长达两个小时的私人的，不加修饰的讨论。这次活动被拍摄下来并命名为“303室帅哥军团”。参见+ + 第242行：
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第258行： − 道金斯的一些关于伊斯兰教的公开言论遭到了强烈反对。2013年，道金斯在推特上写道: “世界上所有的穆斯林获得的诺贝尔奖都比剑桥大学三一学院少。然而，他们在中世纪做了很多伟大的事情。”。2016年，道金斯邀请他在东北科学与怀疑论大会(Northeast Conference on Science and suspicious)上发表演讲，但因为他分享了一段“极具攻击性”的视频，嘲笑女权主义者和伊斯兰主义者”而被撤回。+
→Criticism of religion
2006年，道金斯成立了“理查德·道金斯理性与科学基金会”.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.richarddawkins.net/foundation,ourMission |title=Our Mission |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |access-date=17 November 2006 |publisher=Richard Dawkins Foundation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061117150429/http://www.richarddawkins.net/foundation,ourMission |archive-date=17 November 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref>。一个非营利组织基金会，为信仰和宗教心理学的研究提供资金，资助科学教育项目和材料，宣传和支持世俗性的慈善组织。2016年1月，基金会宣布与调查中心合并，道金斯成为新组织的董事会成员<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldreligionnews.com/religion-news/atheism/richard-dawkins-atheist-organization-merges-with-center-for-inquiry |title=Richard Dawkins' Atheist Organization Merges with Center for Inquiry |date=26 January 2016 |access-date=26 January 2016 |website=WorldReligionNews.com |last=Lesley |first=Alison |archive-date=28 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128080214/http://www.worldreligionnews.com/religion-news/atheism/richard-dawkins-atheist-organization-merges-with-center-for-inquiry |url-status=live }}</ref>。
2006年，道金斯成立了“理查德·道金斯理性与科学基金会”.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.richarddawkins.net/foundation,ourMission |title=Our Mission |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |access-date=17 November 2006 |publisher=Richard Dawkins Foundation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061117150429/http://www.richarddawkins.net/foundation,ourMission |archive-date=17 November 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref>。一个非营利组织基金会，为信仰和宗教心理学的研究提供资金，资助科学教育项目和材料，宣传和支持世俗性的慈善组织。2016年1月，基金会宣布与调查中心合并，道金斯成为新组织的董事会成员<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldreligionnews.com/religion-news/atheism/richard-dawkins-atheist-organization-merges-with-center-for-inquiry |title=Richard Dawkins' Atheist Organization Merges with Center for Inquiry |date=26 January 2016 |access-date=26 January 2016 |website=WorldReligionNews.com |last=Lesley |first=Alison |archive-date=28 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128080214/http://www.worldreligionnews.com/religion-news/atheism/richard-dawkins-atheist-organization-merges-with-center-for-inquiry |url-status=live }}</ref>。
===Criticism of religion===
===对宗教的批评===
[[File:Richard dawkins lecture.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Lecturing on his book ''[[The God Delusion]]'', 24 June 2006]]
[[File:Richard dawkins lecture.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Lecturing on his book ''[[The God Delusion]]'', 24 June 2006]]
Dawkins was confirmed into the Church of England at the age of 13, but began to grow sceptical of the beliefs. He said that his understanding of science and evolutionary processes led him to question how adults in positions of leadership in a civilised world could still be so uneducated in biology, and is puzzled by how belief in God could remain among individuals who are sophisticated in science. Dawkins notes that some physicists use 'God' as a metaphor for the general awe-inspiring mysteries of the universe, which causes confusion and misunderstanding among people who incorrectly think they are talking about a mystical being who forgives sins, transubstantiates wine, or makes people live after they die. He disagrees with Stephen Jay Gould's principle of nonoverlapping magisteria (NOMA) and suggests that the existence of God should be treated as a scientific hypothesis like any other. Dawkins became a prominent critic of religion and has stated his opposition to religion as twofold: religion is both a source of conflict and a justification for belief without evidence. He considers faith—belief that is not based on evidence—as "one of the world's great evils".
Dawkins was confirmed into the Church of England at the age of 13, but began to grow sceptical of the beliefs. He said that his understanding of science and evolutionary processes led him to question how adults in positions of leadership in a civilised world could still be so uneducated in biology, and is puzzled by how belief in God could remain among individuals who are sophisticated in science. Dawkins notes that some physicists use 'God' as a metaphor for the general awe-inspiring mysteries of the universe, which causes confusion and misunderstanding among people who incorrectly think they are talking about a mystical being who forgives sins, transubstantiates wine, or makes people live after they die. He disagrees with Stephen Jay Gould's principle of nonoverlapping magisteria (NOMA) and suggests that the existence of God should be treated as a scientific hypothesis like any other. Dawkins became a prominent critic of religion and has stated his opposition to religion as twofold: religion is both a source of conflict and a justification for belief without evidence. He considers faith—belief that is not based on evidence—as "one of the world's great evils".
道金斯在13岁时加入英国国教，但他开始对这些信仰产生怀疑。他说，他对科学和进化过程的理解使他质疑，在文明世界中担任领导职务的成年人怎么还没有受过生物学方面的教育<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beliefnet.com/story/178/story_17889_2.html |title=The Problem with God: Interview with Richard Dawkins (2) |access-date=11 April 2008 |last=Sheahen |first=Laura |date=October 2005 |publisher=Beliefnet.com |archive-date=10 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410075833/http://www.beliefnet.com/story/178/story_17889_2.html |url-status=live }}</ref>，他还对在科学领域精通的人中怎么还能保持对上帝的信仰感到困惑。道金斯指出，一些物理学家用“上帝”来比喻宇宙中普遍存在的令人敬畏的神秘事物，这在人们中间造成了困惑和误解，他们错误地认为自己在谈论一个神秘的存在，这个存在可以宽恕罪恶，改变葡萄酒的质量，或者让人们在死后继续活着<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/faithandreason/transcript/dawk-frame.html |title=Interview with Richard Dawkins |access-date=12 April 2008 |publisher=PBS |archive-date=20 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620151103/http://www.pbs.org/faithandreason/transcript/dawk-frame.html |url-status=live }}</ref>。他不同意史蒂芬·古尔德的不重叠的原则<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1555132-3,00.html |title=God vs. Science (3) |access-date=3 April 2008 |date=5 November 2006 |last=Van Biema |first=David |work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |archive-date=18 February 2012 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/65XmbJal2?url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1555132-3,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>，并建议上帝的存在应该被视为一个科学假说，像任何其他假说一样。道金斯成为了一个著名的宗教批评家，并表示他对宗教的反对是双重的: 宗教既是冲突的来源，也是无证据信仰的正当理由。他认为信仰——没有事实依据的信仰——是“世界上最大的罪恶之一”<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehumanist.org/humanist/articles/dawkins.html |title=Is Science A Religion? |publisher=The Humanist |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |date=1 January 1997 |access-date=31 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030144700/http://www.thehumanist.org/humanist/articles/dawkins.html |archive-date=30 October 2012}}</ref>。
On his [[spectrum of theistic probability]], which has seven levels between 1 (100% certainty that a God or gods exist) and 7 (100% certainty that a God or gods do not exist), Dawkins has said he is a 6.9, which represents a "de facto atheist" who thinks "I cannot know for certain but I think God is very improbable, and I live my life on the assumption that he is not there." When asked about his slight uncertainty, Dawkins quips, "I am agnostic to the extent that I am agnostic about fairies at the bottom of the garden."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/9102740/Richard-Dawkins-I-cant-be-sure-God-does-not-exist.html |title=Richard Dawkins: I can't be sure God does not exist |date=24 February 2012 |access-date=5 March 2016 |first=John |last=Bingham |location=London |work=The Telegraph |archive-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524001926/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/9102740/Richard-Dawkins-I-cant-be-sure-God-does-not-exist.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/side-effects/201202/why-does-richard-dawkins-take-issue-agnosticism |title=Why Does Richard Dawkins Take Issue With Agnosticism? |date=2 February 2012 |access-date=5 April 2016 |work=Psychology Today |first=Christopher |last=Lane }}</ref> In May 2014, at the [[Hay Festival]] in Wales, Dawkins explained that while he does not believe in the supernatural elements of the Christian faith, he still has nostalgia for the ceremonial side of religion.<ref>{{cite news |first=Sarah |last=Knapton |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/hay-festival/10853648/Richard-Dawkins-I-am-a-secular-Christian.html |title=Richard Dawkins: 'I am a secular Christian' |newspaper=Telegraph |access-date=9 June 2014 |archive-date=21 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221043247/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/hay-festival/10853648/Richard-Dawkins-I-am-a-secular-Christian.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition to beliefs in deities, Dawkins has criticized religious beliefs as irrational, such as that Jesus turned water into wine, that an embryo starts as a blob, that [[Temple garment|magic underwear]] will protect you, that Jesus was resurrected, that [[semen]] comes from the spine, that Jesus walked on water, that the sun sets in a marsh, that the Garden of Eden existed in [[Adam-ondi-Ahman]], Missouri, that Jesus' mother was a virgin, that [[Splitting of the moon|Muhammad split the moon]], and that [[Raising of Lazarus|Lazarus was raised from the dead]].{{refn|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/richard-dawkins-islamophobic-berkeley-event-cancelled-islam-muslim-uc-university-california-a7860281.html|title=Richard Dawkins hits back at allegations he is Islamophobic after Berkeley event is cancelled|date=26 July 2017|access-date=10 September 2017|archive-date=29 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829181754/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/richard-dawkins-islamophobic-berkeley-event-cancelled-islam-muslim-uc-university-california-a7860281.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/richarddawkins/status/681453611906396160 |title=Dawkins Twitter This is almost as impressive as the prescient knowledge that embryo starts as a blob, semen comes from the spine & the sun sets in a marsh. |access-date=26 July 2017 |archive-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121060816/https://twitter.com/richarddawkins/status/681453611906396160 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/richarddawkins/status/344419641101275137 |title="Did Jesus exist?" Who cares? "Did Jesus lack a father? Raise Lazarus? Walk on water? Resurrect?" I care, and the answer is no in all cases. |access-date=1 August 2017 |archive-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121060841/https://pbs.twimg.com/hashflag/config-2020-11-21-06.json |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/richarddawkins/status/677189384169512960 |title=There are people who believe Jesus turned water into wine. How do they hold down a job in the 21st century? |access-date=1 August 2017 |archive-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121060819/https://twitter.com/richarddawkins/status/677189384169512960 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/richarddawkins/status/685591187479212032 |title=Ridicule is the proper response to beliefs such as Jesus' mother was a virgin, Joshua slowed Earth's rotation or Muhammad split the moon. |access-date=1 August 2017 |archive-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121060820/https://twitter.com/richarddawkins/status/685591187479212032 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/richarddawkins/status/255543797528817664 |title=Over and above believing surreal nonsense about planets and magic stones, hats and underwear, Romney is also a liar |access-date=1 August 2017 |archive-date=19 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719043539/https://twitter.com/richarddawkins/status/255543797528817664 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/richarddawkins/status/244790357420826626 |title=Could you really vote for a man who thinks the Garden of Eden was in Missouri? |access-date=1 August 2017 |archive-date=30 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030133510/https://twitter.com/richarddawkins/status/244790357420826626 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
On his [[spectrum of theistic probability]], which has seven levels between 1 (100% certainty that a God or gods exist) and 7 (100% certainty that a God or gods do not exist), Dawkins has said he is a 6.9, which represents a "de facto atheist" who thinks "I cannot know for certain but I think God is very improbable, and I live my life on the assumption that he is not there." When asked about his slight uncertainty, Dawkins quips, "I am agnostic to the extent that I am agnostic about fairies at the bottom of the garden."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/9102740/Richard-Dawkins-I-cant-be-sure-God-does-not-exist.html |title=Richard Dawkins: I can't be sure God does not exist |date=24 February 2012 |access-date=5 March 2016 |first=John |last=Bingham |location=London |work=The Telegraph |archive-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524001926/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/9102740/Richard-Dawkins-I-cant-be-sure-God-does-not-exist.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/side-effects/201202/why-does-richard-dawkins-take-issue-agnosticism |title=Why Does Richard Dawkins Take Issue With Agnosticism? |date=2 February 2012 |access-date=5 April 2016 |work=Psychology Today |first=Christopher |last=Lane }}</ref> In May 2014, at the [[Hay Festival]] in Wales, Dawkins explained that while he does not believe in the supernatural elements of the Christian faith, he still has nostalgia for the ceremonial side of religion.<ref>{{cite news |first=Sarah |last=Knapton |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/hay-festival/10853648/Richard-Dawkins-I-am-a-secular-Christian.html |title=Richard Dawkins: 'I am a secular Christian' |newspaper=Telegraph |access-date=9 June 2014 |archive-date=21 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221043247/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/hay-festival/10853648/Richard-Dawkins-I-am-a-secular-Christian.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition to beliefs in deities, Dawkins has criticized religious beliefs as irrational, such as that Jesus turned water into wine, that an embryo starts as a blob, that [[Temple garment|magic underwear]] will protect you, that Jesus was resurrected, that [[semen]] comes from the spine, that Jesus walked on water, that the sun sets in a marsh, that the Garden of Eden existed in [[Adam-ondi-Ahman]], Missouri, that Jesus' mother was a virgin, that [[Splitting of the moon|Muhammad split the moon]], and that [[Raising of Lazarus|Lazarus was raised from the dead]].{{refn|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/richard-dawkins-islamophobic-berkeley-event-cancelled-islam-muslim-uc-university-california-a7860281.html|title=Richard Dawkins hits back at allegations he is Islamophobic after Berkeley event is cancelled|date=26 July 2017|access-date=10 September 2017|archive-date=29 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829181754/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/richard-dawkins-islamophobic-berkeley-event-cancelled-islam-muslim-uc-university-california-a7860281.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/richarddawkins/status/681453611906396160 |title=Dawkins Twitter This is almost as impressive as the prescient knowledge that embryo starts as a blob, semen comes from the spine & the sun sets in a marsh. |access-date=26 July 2017 |archive-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121060816/https://twitter.com/richarddawkins/status/681453611906396160 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/richarddawkins/status/344419641101275137 |title="Did Jesus exist?" Who cares? "Did Jesus lack a father? Raise Lazarus? Walk on water? Resurrect?" I care, and the answer is no in all cases. |access-date=1 August 2017 |archive-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121060841/https://pbs.twimg.com/hashflag/config-2020-11-21-06.json |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/richarddawkins/status/677189384169512960 |title=There are people who believe Jesus turned water into wine. How do they hold down a job in the 21st century? |access-date=1 August 2017 |archive-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121060819/https://twitter.com/richarddawkins/status/677189384169512960 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/richarddawkins/status/685591187479212032 |title=Ridicule is the proper response to beliefs such as Jesus' mother was a virgin, Joshua slowed Earth's rotation or Muhammad split the moon. |access-date=1 August 2017 |archive-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121060820/https://twitter.com/richarddawkins/status/685591187479212032 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/richarddawkins/status/255543797528817664 |title=Over and above believing surreal nonsense about planets and magic stones, hats and underwear, Romney is also a liar |access-date=1 August 2017 |archive-date=19 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719043539/https://twitter.com/richarddawkins/status/255543797528817664 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/richarddawkins/status/244790357420826626 |title=Could you really vote for a man who thinks the Garden of Eden was in Missouri? |access-date=1 August 2017 |archive-date=30 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030133510/https://twitter.com/richarddawkins/status/244790357420826626 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
在他的“神存在”这一陈述的光谱中，有7个等级介于1(100% 确定上帝或神存在)和7(100% 确定上帝或神不存在) ，Dawkins 说他是6.9，这代表了一个“事实上的无神论者”，他认为“我不能确定，但我认为上帝是非常不可能的，我的生活在他不存在的假设之上。”当被问及他的轻微的不确定性时，道金斯戏谑地说: “我是不可知论者，以至于我对花园尽头的仙女是不可知论者。”2014年5月，在威尔士的海伊节上，道金斯解释说，虽然他不相信基督教信仰的超自然元素，但他仍然怀念宗教仪式的一面。除了对神的信仰之外，Dawkins 还批评宗教信仰是非理性的，比如耶稣把水变成了酒，胚胎开始时只是一小块，神奇的内衣会保护你，耶稣复活了，精液来自脊椎，耶稣在水上行走，太阳落在沼泽里，伊甸园(2008年电影)存在于 Adam-ondi-Ahman，耶稣的母亲是一个处女，穆罕默德分裂了月亮，还有拉撒路从死亡中复活。
在他的“神存在”这一陈述的光谱中，有7个等级介于1(100% 确定上帝或神存在)和7(100% 确定上帝或神不存在) ，Dawkins 说他是6.9，这代表了一个“事实上的无神论者”，他认为“我不能确定，但我认为上帝是非常不可能的，我的生活在他不存在的假设之上。”当被问及他的轻微的不确定性时，道金斯戏谑地说: “我是不可知论者，以至于我对花园尽头的仙女是不可知论者。”2014年5月，在威尔士的海伊节上，道金斯解释说，虽然他不相信基督教信仰的超自然元素，但他仍然怀念宗教仪式的一面。除了对神的信仰之外，Dawkins 还批评宗教信仰是非理性的，比如耶稣把水变成了酒，胚胎开始时只是一小块，神奇的内衣会保护你，耶稣复活了，精液来自脊椎，耶稣在水上行走，太阳落在沼泽里，伊甸园(2008年电影)存在于 Adam-ondi-Ahman，耶稣的母亲是一个处女，穆罕默德分裂了月亮，还有拉撒路从死亡中复活。
Dawkins has risen to prominence in public debates concerning science and religion since the publication of his most popular book, ''[[The God Delusion]]'', in 2006, which became an international best seller.<ref name="michaelpowell">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/20/science/20dawkins.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 |title=A Knack for Bashing Orthodoxy |newspaper=The New York Times |first=Michael |last=Powell |access-date=31 December 2012 |date=19 September 2011 |archive-date=27 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227231703/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/20/science/20dawkins.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 |url-status=live }}</ref> As of 2015, more than three million copies have been sold and the book has been translated into over 30 languages.{{sfn|Dawkins|2015|p=173}} Its success has been seen by many as indicative of a change in the contemporary cultural [[zeitgeist]] and has also been identified with the rise of [[New Atheism]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/11/08/atheism.feature/index.html |title=The rise of the New Atheists |publisher=CNN |first=Simon |last=Hooper |date=9 November 2006 |access-date=16 March 2010 |archive-date=8 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100408094135/http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/11/08/atheism.feature/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In the book, Dawkins contends that a supernatural creator almost certainly does not exist and that religious faith is a [[delusion]]—"a fixed false belief".{{sfn|Dawkins|2006|p=5}} In his February 2002 [[TED (conference)|TED]] talk entitled "Militant atheism", Dawkins urged all atheists to openly state their position and to fight the incursion of the church into politics and science.<ref name="militant" /> On 30 September 2007, Dawkins, [[Christopher Hitchens]], [[Sam Harris (author)|Sam Harris]], and [[Daniel Dennett]] met at Hitchens's residence for a private, unmoderated discussion that lasted two hours. The event was videotaped and entitled "The Four Horsemen".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://richarddawkins.net/2013/10/the-four-horsemen-dvd-19-95/ |title=The Four Horsemen DVD |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |date=1 October 2013 |website=Richard Dawkins Foundation |language=en-US |access-date=13 April 2016 |archive-date=11 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611214236/https://richarddawkins.net/2013/10/the-four-horsemen-dvd-19-95/ |url-status=live }} See also {{YouTube | n7IHU28aR2E }}</ref>
Dawkins has risen to prominence in public debates concerning science and religion since the publication of his most popular book, ''[[The God Delusion]]'', in 2006, which became an international best seller.<ref name="michaelpowell">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/20/science/20dawkins.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 |title=A Knack for Bashing Orthodoxy |newspaper=The New York Times |first=Michael |last=Powell |access-date=31 December 2012 |date=19 September 2011 |archive-date=27 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227231703/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/20/science/20dawkins.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 |url-status=live }}</ref> As of 2015, more than three million copies have been sold and the book has been translated into over 30 languages.{{sfn|Dawkins|2015|p=173}} Its success has been seen by many as indicative of a change in the contemporary cultural [[zeitgeist]] and has also been identified with the rise of [[New Atheism]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/11/08/atheism.feature/index.html |title=The rise of the New Atheists |publisher=CNN |first=Simon |last=Hooper |date=9 November 2006 |access-date=16 March 2010 |archive-date=8 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100408094135/http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/11/08/atheism.feature/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In the book, Dawkins contends that a supernatural creator almost certainly does not exist and that religious faith is a [[delusion]]—"a fixed false belief".{{sfn|Dawkins|2006|p=5}} In his February 2002 [[TED (conference)|TED]] talk entitled "Militant atheism", Dawkins urged all atheists to openly state their position and to fight the incursion of the church into politics and science.<ref name="militant" /> On 30 September 2007, Dawkins, [[Christopher Hitchens]], [[Sam Harris (author)|Sam Harris]], and [[Daniel Dennett]] met at Hitchens's residence for a private, unmoderated discussion that lasted two hours. The event was videotaped and entitled "The Four Horsemen".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://richarddawkins.net/2013/10/the-four-horsemen-dvd-19-95/ |title=The Four Horsemen DVD |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |date=1 October 2013 |website=Richard Dawkins Foundation |language=en-US |access-date=13 April 2016 |archive-date=11 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611214236/https://richarddawkins.net/2013/10/the-four-horsemen-dvd-19-95/ |url-status=live }} See also {{YouTube | n7IHU28aR2E }}</ref>
Dawkins has risen to prominence in public debates concerning science and religion since the publication of his most popular book, The God Delusion, in 2006, which became an international best seller. As of 2015, more than three million copies have been sold and the book has been translated into over 30 languages. Its success has been seen by many as indicative of a change in the contemporary cultural zeitgeist and has also been identified with the rise of New Atheism. In the book, Dawkins contends that a supernatural creator almost certainly does not exist and that religious faith is a delusion—"a fixed false belief". In his February 2002 TED talk entitled "Militant atheism", Dawkins urged all atheists to openly state their position and to fight the incursion of the church into politics and science. On 30 September 2007, Dawkins, Christopher Hitchens, Sam Harris, and Daniel Dennett met at Hitchens's residence for a private, unmoderated discussion that lasted two hours. The event was videotaped and entitled "The Four Horsemen". See also
Dawkins has risen to prominence in public debates concerning science and religion since the publication of his most popular book, The God Delusion, in 2006, which became an international best seller. As of 2015, more than three million copies have been sold and the book has been translated into over 30 languages. Its success has been seen by many as indicative of a change in the contemporary cultural zeitgeist and has also been identified with the rise of New Atheism. In the book, Dawkins contends that a supernatural creator almost certainly does not exist and that religious faith is a delusion—"a fixed false belief". In his February 2002 TED talk entitled "Militant atheism", Dawkins urged all atheists to openly state their position and to fight the incursion of the church into politics and science. On 30 September 2007, Dawkins, Christopher Hitchens, Sam Harris, and Daniel Dennett met at Hitchens's residence for a private, unmoderated discussion that lasted two hours. The event was videotaped and entitled "The Four Horsemen". See also
自从2006年他最畅销的书《上帝错觉》出版以来，道金斯在有关科学和宗教的公共辩论中声名鹊起，这本书成为了国际畅销书<ref name="michaelpowell">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/20/science/20dawkins.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 |title=A Knack for Bashing Orthodoxy |newspaper=The New York Times |first=Michael |last=Powell |access-date=31 December 2012 |date=19 September 2011 |archive-date=27 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227231703/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/20/science/20dawkins.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 |url-status=live }}</ref> 。截至2015年，该书已售出300多万册，并被翻译成30多种语言。它的成功已被许多人视为当代文化时代精神变化的标志，也被认为是新无神论的兴起<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/11/08/atheism.feature/index.html |title=The rise of the New Atheists |publisher=CNN |first=Simon |last=Hooper |date=9 November 2006 |access-date=16 March 2010 |archive-date=8 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100408094135/http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/11/08/atheism.feature/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>。道金斯在书中主张，几乎可以肯定，超自然的创造者是不存在的，宗教信仰是一种错觉——“一种固定的错误信仰”。在2002年2月的 TED 演讲中，道金斯呼吁所有无神论者公开表明自己的立场，抵制教会对政治和科学的入侵<ref name="militant" />。2007年9月30日，道金斯、克里斯托弗·希钦斯、山姆·哈里斯、和丹尼尔·丹尼特在希钦斯的住所进行了长达两个小时的私人的，不加修饰的讨论。这次活动被拍摄下来并命名为《无神论四骑士》<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://richarddawkins.net/2013/10/the-four-horsemen-dvd-19-95/ |title=The Four Horsemen DVD |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |date=1 October 2013 |website=Richard Dawkins Foundation |language=en-US |access-date=13 April 2016 |archive-date=11 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611214236/https://richarddawkins.net/2013/10/the-four-horsemen-dvd-19-95/ |url-status=live }} See also {{YouTube | n7IHU28aR2E }}</ref>。
Dawkins sees education and [[consciousness raising|consciousness-raising]] as the primary tools in opposing what he considers to be religious dogma and indoctrination.<ref name="belief interview"/><ref name="education">{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Alexandra |url=http://education.guardian.co.uk/schools/story/0,,1958138,00.html |title=Dawkins campaigns to keep God out of classroom |access-date=15 January 2007 |date=27 November 2006 |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |archive-date=9 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709084224/http://education.guardian.co.uk/schools/story/0,,1958138,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="bright">{{cite news |url=http://books.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,12084,981412,00.html |title=The future looks bright |access-date=13 March 2008 |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |date=21 June 2003 |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |archive-date=6 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080606085217/http://books.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,12084,981412,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> These tools include the fight against certain stereotypes, and he has adopted the term ''[[brights movement|bright]]'' as a way of associating positive public connotations with those who possess a [[naturalism (philosophy)|naturalistic]] worldview.<ref name="bright"/> He has given support to the idea of a free-thinking school,<ref name="Powell">{{cite news |last=Powell |first=Michael |title=A Knack for Bashing Orthodoxy |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/20/science/20dawkins.html |date=19 September 2011 |work=The New York Times |page=4 |access-date=20 September 2011 |archive-date=17 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317151949/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/20/science/20dawkins.html |url-status=live }}</ref> which would not "indoctrinate children" but would instead teach children to ask for evidence and be skeptical, critical, and open-minded. Such a school, says Dawkins, should "teach comparative religion, and teach it properly without any bias towards particular religions, and including historically important but dead religions, such as those of ancient Greece and the Norse gods, if only because these, like the Abrahamic scriptures, are important for understanding English literature and European history.<ref name="telegraph1">{{cite news |last=Beckford |first=Martin |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/religion/7849563/Richard-Dawkins-interested-in-setting-up-atheist-free-school.html |title=Richard Dawkins interested in setting up 'atheist free school' |newspaper=Telegraph |date=24 June 2010 |access-date=29 July 2010 |location=London |archive-date=27 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100627144143/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/religion/7849563/Richard-Dawkins-interested-in-setting-up-atheist-free-school.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/gove-welcomes-atheist-schools-2037990.html |title=Gove welcomes atheist schools – Education News, Education |newspaper=The Independent |date=29 July 2010 |access-date=29 July 2010 |location=London |first=Richard |last=Garner |archive-date=1 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100801053001/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/gove-welcomes-atheist-schools-2037990.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Inspired by the consciousness-raising successes of [[Feminism|feminists]] in arousing widespread embarrassment at the routine use of "he" instead of "she", Dawkins similarly suggests that phrases such as "Catholic child" and "Muslim child" should be considered as socially absurd as, for instance, "Marxist child", as he believes that children should not be classified based on the ideological or religious beliefs of their parents.<ref name="bright" />
Dawkins sees education and [[consciousness raising|consciousness-raising]] as the primary tools in opposing what he considers to be religious dogma and indoctrination.<ref name="belief interview"/><ref name="education">{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Alexandra |url=http://education.guardian.co.uk/schools/story/0,,1958138,00.html |title=Dawkins campaigns to keep God out of classroom |access-date=15 January 2007 |date=27 November 2006 |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |archive-date=9 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709084224/http://education.guardian.co.uk/schools/story/0,,1958138,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="bright">{{cite news |url=http://books.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,12084,981412,00.html |title=The future looks bright |access-date=13 March 2008 |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |date=21 June 2003 |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |archive-date=6 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080606085217/http://books.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,12084,981412,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> These tools include the fight against certain stereotypes, and he has adopted the term ''[[brights movement|bright]]'' as a way of associating positive public connotations with those who possess a [[naturalism (philosophy)|naturalistic]] worldview.<ref name="bright"/> He has given support to the idea of a free-thinking school,<ref name="Powell">{{cite news |last=Powell |first=Michael |title=A Knack for Bashing Orthodoxy |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/20/science/20dawkins.html |date=19 September 2011 |work=The New York Times |page=4 |access-date=20 September 2011 |archive-date=17 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317151949/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/20/science/20dawkins.html |url-status=live }}</ref> which would not "indoctrinate children" but would instead teach children to ask for evidence and be skeptical, critical, and open-minded. Such a school, says Dawkins, should "teach comparative religion, and teach it properly without any bias towards particular religions, and including historically important but dead religions, such as those of ancient Greece and the Norse gods, if only because these, like the Abrahamic scriptures, are important for understanding English literature and European history.<ref name="telegraph1">{{cite news |last=Beckford |first=Martin |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/religion/7849563/Richard-Dawkins-interested-in-setting-up-atheist-free-school.html |title=Richard Dawkins interested in setting up 'atheist free school' |newspaper=Telegraph |date=24 June 2010 |access-date=29 July 2010 |location=London |archive-date=27 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100627144143/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/religion/7849563/Richard-Dawkins-interested-in-setting-up-atheist-free-school.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/gove-welcomes-atheist-schools-2037990.html |title=Gove welcomes atheist schools – Education News, Education |newspaper=The Independent |date=29 July 2010 |access-date=29 July 2010 |location=London |first=Richard |last=Garner |archive-date=1 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100801053001/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/gove-welcomes-atheist-schools-2037990.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Inspired by the consciousness-raising successes of [[Feminism|feminists]] in arousing widespread embarrassment at the routine use of "he" instead of "she", Dawkins similarly suggests that phrases such as "Catholic child" and "Muslim child" should be considered as socially absurd as, for instance, "Marxist child", as he believes that children should not be classified based on the ideological or religious beliefs of their parents.<ref name="bright" />
道金斯认为教育和提高意识是反对他所认为的宗教教条和灌输的主要工具。这些工具包括反对某些刻板印象的斗争，他采用了光明这个词作为一种方式，将积极的公众内涵与那些拥有自然主义世界观的人联系起来。他支持建立一所自由思考的学校的想法，这所学校不会“向孩子们灌输思想”，而是教导孩子们寻求证据，保持怀疑、批判和开放的心态。道金斯说，这样的学校应该“教授宗教比较，正确地教授它，不偏向于特定的宗教，包括历史上重要但已经消亡的宗教，如古希腊和挪威神，如果仅仅因为这些，如亚伯拉罕经文，对于理解英国文学和欧洲历史是重要的。道金斯同样认为,”天主教儿童”和”穆斯林儿童”等短语在社会上应被认为是荒谬的，例如,”马克思主义儿童”，因为他认为，儿童不应根据其父母的意识形态或宗教信仰来分类。
道金斯认为教育和提高意识是反对他所认为的宗教教条和灌输的主要工具。这些工具包括反对某些刻板印象的斗争，他采用了光明这个词作为一种方式，将积极的公众内涵与那些拥有自然主义世界观的人联系起来。他支持建立一所自由思考的学校的想法，这所学校不会“向孩子们灌输思想”，而是教导孩子们寻求证据，保持怀疑、批判和开放的心态。道金斯说，这样的学校应该“教授宗教比较，正确地教授它，不偏向于特定的宗教，包括历史上重要但已经消亡的宗教，如古希腊和挪威神，如果仅仅因为这些，如亚伯拉罕经文，对于理解英国文学和欧洲历史是重要的。道金斯同样认为,”天主教儿童”和”穆斯林儿童”等短语在社会上应被认为是荒谬的，例如,”马克思主义儿童”，因为他认为，儿童不应根据其父母的意识形态或宗教信仰来分类。
While some critics, such as writer [[Christopher Hitchens]], psychologist [[Steven Pinker]] and [[Nobel laureate]]s Sir [[Harold Kroto]], [[James D. Watson]], and [[Steven Weinberg]] have defended Dawkins's stance on religion and praised his work,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://richarddawkins.net/godDelusionReviews |title=The God Delusion – Reviews |access-date=8 April 2008 |publisher=Richard Dawkins Foundation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080702000504/http://richarddawkins.net/godDelusionReviews |archive-date=2 July 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> others, including [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]]-winning [[theoretical physicist]] [[Peter Higgs]], [[astrophysicist]] [[Martin Rees, Baron Rees of Ludlow|Martin Rees]], philosopher of science [[Michael Ruse]], literary critic [[Terry Eagleton]], philosopher [[Roger Scruton]], academic and social critic [[Camille Paglia]], atheist philosopher Daniel Came and theologian [[Alister McGrath]],{{refn|<ref>{{cite book |last=McGrath |first=Alister |author-link=Alister McGrath |title=Dawkins' God: Genes, Memes, and the Meaning of Life |year=2004 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |location=Oxford, England |isbn=978-1-4051-2538-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dawkinsgodgenesm0000mcgr/page/81 81] |url=https://archive.org/details/dawkinsgodgenesm0000mcgr/page/81 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/nov/02/atheism-dawkins-ruse |location=London |work=The Guardian |first=Michael |last=Ruse |author-link=Michael Ruse |title=Dawkins et al bring us into disrepute |date=2 November 2009 |access-date=23 April 2016 |archive-date=19 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919173459/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/nov/02/atheism-dawkins-ruse |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2012/oct/02/richard-dawkins-humanists-religion-atheists |location=London |work=The Guardian |first=Michael |last=Ruse |author-link=Michael Ruse |title=Why Richard Dawkins' humanists remind me of a religion |date=2 October 2012 |access-date=13 December 2016 |archive-date=21 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821191854/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2012/oct/02/richard-dawkins-humanists-religion-atheists |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="salon.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.salon.com/2015/07/29/camille_paglia_takes_on_jon_stewart_trump_sanders_liberals_think_of_themselves_as_very_open_minded_but_that%e2%80%99s_simply_not_true/ |title=Camille Paglia takes on Jon Stewart, Trump, Sanders: "Liberals think of themselves as very open-minded, but that's simply not true!" |date=29 July 2015 |website=Salon |access-date=4 February 2019 |archive-date=4 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204231514/https://www.salon.com/2015/07/29/camille_paglia_takes_on_jon_stewart_trump_sanders_liberals_think_of_themselves_as_very_open_minded_but_that%e2%80%99s_simply_not_true/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="spectator.co.uk">{{cite web |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/2006/01/dawkins-is-wrong-about-god/ |title=Dawkins is wrong about God |date=14 January 2006 |website=The Spectator |access-date=19 January 2019 |archive-date=12 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612141649/https://www.spectator.co.uk/2006/01/dawkins-is-wrong-about-god/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2011/oct/22/richard-dawkins-refusal-debate-william-lane-craig |title=Richard Dawkins's refusal to debate is cynical and anti-intellectualist |first=Daniel |last=Came |date=22 October 2011 |via=www.theguardian.com |access-date=19 January 2019 |archive-date=30 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930081527/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2011/oct/22/richard-dawkins-refusal-debate-william-lane-craig |url-status=live }}</ref>}} have criticised Dawkins on various grounds, including the assertion that his work simply serves as an atheist counterpart to religious fundamentalism rather than a productive critique of it, and that he has fundamentally misapprehended the foundations of the [[theological]] positions he claims to refute. Rees and Higgs, in particular, have both rejected Dawkins's confrontational stance toward religion as narrow and "embarrassing", with Higgs going as far as to equate Dawkins with the religious fundamentalists he criticises.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v28/n20/terry-eagleton/lunging-flailing-mispunching |title=Lunging, Flailing, Mispunching |first=Terry |last=Eagleton· |date=19 October 2006 |magazine=[[London Review of Books]] |access-date=16 May 2014 |volume=28 |issue=20 |pages=32–34 |archive-date=10 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310145648/http://www.lrb.co.uk/v28/n20/terry-eagleton/lunging-flailing-mispunching |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://richarddawkins.net/articleComments,1647,Do-you-have-to-read-up-on-leprechology-before-disbelieving-in-them,Richard-Dawkins-The-Independent,page27 |title=Do you have to read up on leprechology before disbelieving in them? |access-date=14 November 2007 |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |date=17 September 2007 |publisher=Richard Dawkins Foundation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214014838/http://richarddawkins.net/articleComments,1647,Do-you-have-to-read-up-on-leprechology-before-disbelieving-in-them,Richard-Dawkins-The-Independent,page27 |archive-date=14 December 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://books.guardian.co.uk/hay2007/story/0,,2089947,00.html |title=Scientists divided over alliance with religion |access-date=17 March 2008 |last=Jha |first=Alok |date=29 May 2007 |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |archive-date=19 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719103328/http://books.guardian.co.uk/hay2007/story/0,,2089947,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Jha |first=Alok |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/dec/26/peter-higgs-richard-dawkins-fundamentalism |title=Peter Higgs criticises Richard Dawkins over anti-religious 'fundamentalism' |date=26 December 2012 |access-date=20 January 2016 |work=[[The Guardian]] |archive-date=28 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028180407/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/dec/26/peter-higgs-richard-dawkins-fundamentalism |url-status=live }}</ref> Atheist philosopher [[John Gray (philosopher)|John Gray]] has denounced Dawkins as an "anti-religious missionary", whose assertions are "in no sense novel or original," suggesting that "transfixed in wonderment at the workings of his own mind, Dawkins misses much that is of importance in human beings." Gray has also criticised Dawkins's perceived allegiance to Darwin, stating that if "science, for Darwin, was a method of inquiry that enabled him to edge tentatively and humbly toward the truth, for Dawkins, science is an unquestioned view of the world."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/119596/appetite-wonder-review-closed-mind-richard-dawkins |title=The Closed Mind of Richard Dawkins |date=2 October 2014 |access-date=20 January 2016 |first=John |last=Gray |work=New Republic |archive-date=16 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216012235/https://newrepublic.com/article/119596/appetite-wonder-review-closed-mind-richard-dawkins |url-status=live }}</ref> In response to his critics, Dawkins maintains that theologians are no better than scientists in addressing deep [[cosmological]] questions and that he is not a fundamentalist, as he is willing to change his mind in the face of new evidence.{{sfn|Dawkins|2006}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.secularhumanism.org/library/fi/dawkins_18_2.html |title=When Religion Steps on Science's Turf |access-date=3 April 2008 |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |year=2006 |work=Free Inquiry |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080419125549/http://www.secularhumanism.org/library/fi/dawkins_18_2.html |archive-date=19 April 2008}}</ref><ref name=rdf-fundamentalist>{{cite web |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |title=How dare you call me a fundamentalist |url=http://old.richarddawkins.net/articles/1071-how-dare-you-call-me-a-fundamentalist |publisher=Richard Dawkins Foundation |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231022508/http://old.richarddawkins.net/articles/1071-how-dare-you-call-me-a-fundamentalist |archive-date=31 December 2012}}</ref>
While some critics, such as writer [[Christopher Hitchens]], psychologist [[Steven Pinker]] and [[Nobel laureate]]s Sir [[Harold Kroto]], [[James D. Watson]], and [[Steven Weinberg]] have defended Dawkins's stance on religion and praised his work,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://richarddawkins.net/godDelusionReviews |title=The God Delusion – Reviews |access-date=8 April 2008 |publisher=Richard Dawkins Foundation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080702000504/http://richarddawkins.net/godDelusionReviews |archive-date=2 July 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> others, including [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]]-winning [[theoretical physicist]] [[Peter Higgs]], [[astrophysicist]] [[Martin Rees, Baron Rees of Ludlow|Martin Rees]], philosopher of science [[Michael Ruse]], literary critic [[Terry Eagleton]], philosopher [[Roger Scruton]], academic and social critic [[Camille Paglia]], atheist philosopher Daniel Came and theologian [[Alister McGrath]],{{refn|<ref>{{cite book |last=McGrath |first=Alister |author-link=Alister McGrath |title=Dawkins' God: Genes, Memes, and the Meaning of Life |year=2004 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |location=Oxford, England |isbn=978-1-4051-2538-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dawkinsgodgenesm0000mcgr/page/81 81] |url=https://archive.org/details/dawkinsgodgenesm0000mcgr/page/81 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/nov/02/atheism-dawkins-ruse |location=London |work=The Guardian |first=Michael |last=Ruse |author-link=Michael Ruse |title=Dawkins et al bring us into disrepute |date=2 November 2009 |access-date=23 April 2016 |archive-date=19 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919173459/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/nov/02/atheism-dawkins-ruse |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2012/oct/02/richard-dawkins-humanists-religion-atheists |location=London |work=The Guardian |first=Michael |last=Ruse |author-link=Michael Ruse |title=Why Richard Dawkins' humanists remind me of a religion |date=2 October 2012 |access-date=13 December 2016 |archive-date=21 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821191854/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2012/oct/02/richard-dawkins-humanists-religion-atheists |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="salon.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.salon.com/2015/07/29/camille_paglia_takes_on_jon_stewart_trump_sanders_liberals_think_of_themselves_as_very_open_minded_but_that%e2%80%99s_simply_not_true/ |title=Camille Paglia takes on Jon Stewart, Trump, Sanders: "Liberals think of themselves as very open-minded, but that's simply not true!" |date=29 July 2015 |website=Salon |access-date=4 February 2019 |archive-date=4 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204231514/https://www.salon.com/2015/07/29/camille_paglia_takes_on_jon_stewart_trump_sanders_liberals_think_of_themselves_as_very_open_minded_but_that%e2%80%99s_simply_not_true/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="spectator.co.uk">{{cite web |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/2006/01/dawkins-is-wrong-about-god/ |title=Dawkins is wrong about God |date=14 January 2006 |website=The Spectator |access-date=19 January 2019 |archive-date=12 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612141649/https://www.spectator.co.uk/2006/01/dawkins-is-wrong-about-god/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2011/oct/22/richard-dawkins-refusal-debate-william-lane-craig |title=Richard Dawkins's refusal to debate is cynical and anti-intellectualist |first=Daniel |last=Came |date=22 October 2011 |via=www.theguardian.com |access-date=19 January 2019 |archive-date=30 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930081527/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2011/oct/22/richard-dawkins-refusal-debate-william-lane-craig |url-status=live }}</ref>}} have criticised Dawkins on various grounds, including the assertion that his work simply serves as an atheist counterpart to religious fundamentalism rather than a productive critique of it, and that he has fundamentally misapprehended the foundations of the [[theological]] positions he claims to refute. Rees and Higgs, in particular, have both rejected Dawkins's confrontational stance toward religion as narrow and "embarrassing", with Higgs going as far as to equate Dawkins with the religious fundamentalists he criticises.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v28/n20/terry-eagleton/lunging-flailing-mispunching |title=Lunging, Flailing, Mispunching |first=Terry |last=Eagleton· |date=19 October 2006 |magazine=[[London Review of Books]] |access-date=16 May 2014 |volume=28 |issue=20 |pages=32–34 |archive-date=10 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310145648/http://www.lrb.co.uk/v28/n20/terry-eagleton/lunging-flailing-mispunching |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://richarddawkins.net/articleComments,1647,Do-you-have-to-read-up-on-leprechology-before-disbelieving-in-them,Richard-Dawkins-The-Independent,page27 |title=Do you have to read up on leprechology before disbelieving in them? |access-date=14 November 2007 |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |date=17 September 2007 |publisher=Richard Dawkins Foundation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214014838/http://richarddawkins.net/articleComments,1647,Do-you-have-to-read-up-on-leprechology-before-disbelieving-in-them,Richard-Dawkins-The-Independent,page27 |archive-date=14 December 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://books.guardian.co.uk/hay2007/story/0,,2089947,00.html |title=Scientists divided over alliance with religion |access-date=17 March 2008 |last=Jha |first=Alok |date=29 May 2007 |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |archive-date=19 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719103328/http://books.guardian.co.uk/hay2007/story/0,,2089947,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Jha |first=Alok |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/dec/26/peter-higgs-richard-dawkins-fundamentalism |title=Peter Higgs criticises Richard Dawkins over anti-religious 'fundamentalism' |date=26 December 2012 |access-date=20 January 2016 |work=[[The Guardian]] |archive-date=28 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028180407/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/dec/26/peter-higgs-richard-dawkins-fundamentalism |url-status=live }}</ref> Atheist philosopher [[John Gray (philosopher)|John Gray]] has denounced Dawkins as an "anti-religious missionary", whose assertions are "in no sense novel or original," suggesting that "transfixed in wonderment at the workings of his own mind, Dawkins misses much that is of importance in human beings." Gray has also criticised Dawkins's perceived allegiance to Darwin, stating that if "science, for Darwin, was a method of inquiry that enabled him to edge tentatively and humbly toward the truth, for Dawkins, science is an unquestioned view of the world."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/119596/appetite-wonder-review-closed-mind-richard-dawkins |title=The Closed Mind of Richard Dawkins |date=2 October 2014 |access-date=20 January 2016 |first=John |last=Gray |work=New Republic |archive-date=16 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216012235/https://newrepublic.com/article/119596/appetite-wonder-review-closed-mind-richard-dawkins |url-status=live }}</ref> In response to his critics, Dawkins maintains that theologians are no better than scientists in addressing deep [[cosmological]] questions and that he is not a fundamentalist, as he is willing to change his mind in the face of new evidence.{{sfn|Dawkins|2006}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.secularhumanism.org/library/fi/dawkins_18_2.html |title=When Religion Steps on Science's Turf |access-date=3 April 2008 |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |year=2006 |work=Free Inquiry |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080419125549/http://www.secularhumanism.org/library/fi/dawkins_18_2.html |archive-date=19 April 2008}}</ref><ref name=rdf-fundamentalist>{{cite web |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |title=How dare you call me a fundamentalist |url=http://old.richarddawkins.net/articles/1071-how-dare-you-call-me-a-fundamentalist |publisher=Richard Dawkins Foundation |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231022508/http://old.richarddawkins.net/articles/1071-how-dare-you-call-me-a-fundamentalist |archive-date=31 December 2012}}</ref>
当一些批评家，如作家克里斯托弗·希钦斯，心理学家 Steven Pinker 和诺贝尔奖获得者 Harold Kroto，James d. Watson 和 Steven Weinberg 为 Dawkins 在宗教上的立场辩护并赞扬他的工作时，其他人，包括诺贝尔奖获得者理论物理学家 Peter Higgs，天体物理学家 Martin Rees，科学哲学家 Michael Ruse,文学批评家特里 · 伊格尔顿、哲学家罗杰 · 斯克鲁顿、学术界和社会批评家卡米尔 · 帕格利亚、无神论哲学家丹尼尔 · 科尔姆和神学家阿利斯特 · 麦格拉斯都从各个方面批评道金斯，包括断言他的作品只是作为宗教原教旨主义的无神论对应物，而不是对它的富有成效的批判，他从根本上误解了他声称反驳的神学立场的基础。特别是里斯和希格斯，他们都反对道金斯对宗教的对抗姿态，认为这种姿态狭隘而“令人尴尬”，希格斯甚至将道金斯与他所批评的宗教原教旨主义者等同起来。无神论哲学家约翰 · 格雷(John Gray)谴责道金斯是“反宗教的传教士”，他的主张“从任何意义上讲都不是新颖的或原创的”，他暗示道金斯“对自己思想的运作惊叹不已，错过了许多对人类至关重要的东西。”格雷还批评道金斯对达尔文的忠诚，他说，如果“对达尔文来说，科学是一种探究的方法，使他能够试探性和谦逊地走向真理，对道金斯来说，科学是一种不容置疑的世界观。”作为对他的批评的回应，道金斯坚持认为神学家在解决深奥的宇宙学问题上并不比科学家好，他不是一个原教旨主义者，因为他愿意在新的证据面前改变自己的想法。
当一些批评家，如作家克里斯托弗·希钦斯，心理学家 Steven Pinker 和诺贝尔奖获得者 Harold Kroto，James d. Watson 和 Steven Weinberg 为 Dawkins 在宗教上的立场辩护并赞扬他的工作时，其他人，包括诺贝尔奖获得者理论物理学家 Peter Higgs，天体物理学家 Martin Rees，科学哲学家 Michael Ruse,文学批评家特里 · 伊格尔顿、哲学家罗杰 · 斯克鲁顿、学术界和社会批评家卡米尔 · 帕格利亚、无神论哲学家丹尼尔 · 科尔姆和神学家阿利斯特 · 麦格拉斯都从各个方面批评道金斯，包括断言他的作品只是作为宗教原教旨主义的无神论对应物，而不是对它的富有成效的批判，他从根本上误解了他声称反驳的神学立场的基础。特别是里斯和希格斯，他们都反对道金斯对宗教的对抗姿态，认为这种姿态狭隘而“令人尴尬”，希格斯甚至将道金斯与他所批评的宗教原教旨主义者等同起来。无神论哲学家约翰 · 格雷(John Gray)谴责道金斯是“反宗教的传教士”，他的主张“从任何意义上讲都不是新颖的或原创的”，他暗示道金斯“对自己思想的运作惊叹不已，错过了许多对人类至关重要的东西。”格雷还批评道金斯对达尔文的忠诚，他说，如果“对达尔文来说，科学是一种探究的方法，使他能够试探性和谦逊地走向真理，对道金斯来说，科学是一种不容置疑的世界观。”作为对他的批评的回应，道金斯坚持认为神学家在解决深奥的宇宙学问题上并不比科学家好，他不是一个原教旨主义者，因为他愿意在新的证据面前改变自己的想法。
Dawkins has faced backlash over some of his public comments about Islam. In 2013, Dawkins tweeted "All the world's Muslims have fewer Nobel Prizes than Trinity College, Cambridge. They did great things in the Middle Ages, though."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Malik |first1=Nesrine |title=Richard Dawkins' tweets on Islam are as rational as the rants of an extremist Muslim cleric |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/aug/08/richard-dawkins-tweets-islam-muslim-nobel |access-date=5 August 2021 |publisher=The Guardian |date=8 August 2013}}</ref>. In 2016, Dawkins' invitation to speak at the [[Northeast Conference on Science and Skepticism]] was withdrawn over his sharing of a "'highly offensive' video "mocking feminists and Islamists".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Blair |first1=Olivia |title=Richard Dawkins dropped from science event for tweeting video mocking feminists and Islamists |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/richard-dawkins-vdeo-twitter-necss-event-feminism-a6841161.html |access-date=5 August 2021 |publisher=The Independent |date=29 January 2016}}</ref>
Dawkins has faced backlash over some of his public comments about Islam. In 2013, Dawkins tweeted "All the world's Muslims have fewer Nobel Prizes than Trinity College, Cambridge. They did great things in the Middle Ages, though."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Malik |first1=Nesrine |title=Richard Dawkins' tweets on Islam are as rational as the rants of an extremist Muslim cleric |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/aug/08/richard-dawkins-tweets-islam-muslim-nobel |access-date=5 August 2021 |publisher=The Guardian |date=8 August 2013}}</ref>. In 2016, Dawkins' invitation to speak at the [[Northeast Conference on Science and Skepticism]] was withdrawn over his sharing of a "'highly offensive' video "mocking feminists and Islamists".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Blair |first1=Olivia |title=Richard Dawkins dropped from science event for tweeting video mocking feminists and Islamists |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/richard-dawkins-vdeo-twitter-necss-event-feminism-a6841161.html |access-date=5 August 2021 |publisher=The Independent |date=29 January 2016}}</ref>
Dawkins has faced backlash over some of his public comments about Islam. In 2013, Dawkins tweeted "All the world's Muslims have fewer Nobel Prizes than Trinity College, Cambridge. They did great things in the Middle Ages, though.". In 2016, Dawkins' invitation to speak at the Northeast Conference on Science and Skepticism was withdrawn over his sharing of a "'highly offensive' video "mocking feminists and Islamists".
Dawkins has faced backlash over some of his public comments about Islam. In 2013, Dawkins tweeted "All the world's Muslims have fewer Nobel Prizes than Trinity College, Cambridge. They did great things in the Middle Ages, though.". In 2016, Dawkins' invitation to speak at the Northeast Conference on Science and Skepticism was withdrawn over his sharing of a "'highly offensive' video "mocking feminists and Islamists".
道金斯的一些关于伊斯兰教的公开言论遭到了强烈反对。2013年，道金斯在推特上写道：“世界上所有的穆斯林获得的诺贝尔奖比剑桥大学三一学院都少，尽管他们在中世纪做了很多伟大的事情。”<ref>{{cite news |last1=Malik |first1=Nesrine |title=Richard Dawkins' tweets on Islam are as rational as the rants of an extremist Muslim cleric |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/aug/08/richard-dawkins-tweets-islam-muslim-nobel |access-date=5 August 2021 |publisher=The Guardian |date=8 August 2013}}</ref>。2016年，道金斯邀请他在东北科学与怀疑论大会(Northeast Conference on Science and suspicious)上发表演讲，但因为他分享了一段“极具攻击性”的视频，嘲笑女权主义者和伊斯兰主义者”而被撤回<ref>{{cite news |last1=Blair |first1=Olivia |title=Richard Dawkins dropped from science event for tweeting video mocking feminists and Islamists |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/richard-dawkins-vdeo-twitter-necss-event-feminism-a6841161.html |access-date=5 August 2021 |publisher=The Independent |date=29 January 2016}}</ref>。
=== 对神创论的批评 ===
=== 对神创论的批评 ===