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第1行： − − 此词条暂由彩云小译翻译，翻译字数共1672，未经人工整理和审校，带来阅读不便，请见谅。 第34行：
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第167行： − == Works ==+ − − − 第213行：
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第286行： − * {{cite book |first=Stuart |last=Kauffman |title=A World Beyond Physics |publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2019|isbn=978-0-19-087133-8}} − ;Books − * − * − * − * − + 第311行：
第304行： − + + + − * {{cite book |last=Chialvo |first=D. R. |chapter=Critical Brain Dynamics at Large Scale |title=Criticality in Neural Systems |volume=1 |editor2=Niebur, E. |editor1=Plenz D. |editor3=Schuster H. G. |publisher=Wiley |year=2013 |isbn=978-3-527-41104-7 }} − * {{cite journal |last1=Dadon |first1=Z. |last2=Wagner |first2=N. |last3=Ashkenasy |first3=G. |year=2008 |title=The Road to Non-Enzymatic Molecular Networks |journal=Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. |volume=47 |issue=33 |pages=6128–6136 |doi=10.1002/anie.200702552|pmid=18613152 }} − * {{cite book |last1=Dadon |first1=Z. |last2=Wagner |first2=N. |last3=Cohen-Luria |first3=R. |last4=Ashkenasy |first4=G. |year=2012 |chapter=Reaction Networks. Wagner and Askkenazy's (2008) results demonstrate that molecular replication need not be based on DNA or RNA template replication, still the dominate view for the origin of life |editor1=Gale, P. A. |editor2=Steed J. W. |title=Supramolecular Chemistry: From Molecules to Nanomaterials |publisher=John Wiley and Sons, Ltd. |isbn=978-0-470-74640-0 }} − * {{cite journal |last1=Rivkin |first1=J. W. |last2=Siggelkow |first2=N. |title=Organizational Sticking Points on NK Landscapes |journal=Complexity |volume=7 |issue=5 |date=May–June 2002 |pages=31–43 |url=http://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=14814 |access-date=2015-04-28 |doi=10.1002/cplx.10037|bibcode=2002Cmplx...7e..31R }} − + − + − + + + + − + 第335行：
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无编辑摘要
本词条由范星辰翻译。
本词条由范星辰翻译。
{{Short description|American medical doctor & academic}}
{{Short description|American medical doctor & academic}}
==Education and early career==
==Education and early career==
== 教育和早期职业 ==
Kauffman graduated from [[Dartmouth College|Dartmouth]] in 1960, was awarded the BA (Hons) by [[Oxford University]] (where he was a [[Marshall Scholar]]) in 1963, and completed a medical degree (M.D.) at the [[University of California, San Francisco]] in 1968. After completing his internship, he moved into [[developmental genetics]] of the fruitfly, holding appointments first at the [[University of Chicago]] from 1969 to 1973, the National Cancer Institute from 1973 to 1975, and then at the [[University of Pennsylvania]] from 1975 to 1994, where he rose to professor of [[biochemistry]] and [[biophysics]].
Kauffman graduated from [[Dartmouth College|Dartmouth]] in 1960, was awarded the BA (Hons) by [[Oxford University]] (where he was a [[Marshall Scholar]]) in 1963, and completed a medical degree (M.D.) at the [[University of California, San Francisco]] in 1968. After completing his internship, he moved into [[developmental genetics]] of the fruitfly, holding appointments first at the [[University of Chicago]] from 1969 to 1973, the National Cancer Institute from 1973 to 1975, and then at the [[University of Pennsylvania]] from 1975 to 1994, where he rose to professor of [[biochemistry]] and [[biophysics]].
==Career==
==Career==
== 职业生涯 ==
Kauffman became known through his association with the [[Santa Fe Institute]] (a non-profit research institute dedicated to the study of [[complex systems]]), where he was faculty in residence from 1986 to 1997, and through his work on [[model (abstract)|models]] in various areas of [[biology]]. These included [[autocatalytic set]]s in [[origin of life]] research, [[gene regulatory network]]s in [[developmental biology]], and [[fitness landscape]]s in [[evolutionary biology]]. With Marc Ballivet, Kauffman holds the founding broad biotechnology patents in [[combinatorial chemistry]] and applied [[molecular evolution]], first issued in France in 1987,<ref>{{cite patent |url=https://www.google.com/patents/EP0229046A1 |country=EP |number=0229046A1 |title=Procédé d'obtention d'ADN, ARN, peptides, polypeptides ou protéines, par une technique de recombinaison d'ADN}}</ref> in England in 1989, and later in North America.<ref>{{patent|US|5,723,323|"Method of identifying a stochastically-generated peptide, polypeptide, or protein having ligand binding property and compositions thereof"}}</ref><ref>{{cite patent |url=https://www.google.com/patents/CA1339937C |country=CA |number=1339937C |title=Procedure for obtaining DNA, RNA peptides, polypeptides, or proteins by recombinant DNA techniques}}</ref>
Kauffman became known through his association with the [[Santa Fe Institute]] (a non-profit research institute dedicated to the study of [[complex systems]]), where he was faculty in residence from 1986 to 1997, and through his work on [[model (abstract)|models]] in various areas of [[biology]]. These included [[autocatalytic set]]s in [[origin of life]] research, [[gene regulatory network]]s in [[developmental biology]], and [[fitness landscape]]s in [[evolutionary biology]]. With Marc Ballivet, Kauffman holds the founding broad biotechnology patents in [[combinatorial chemistry]] and applied [[molecular evolution]], first issued in France in 1987,<ref>{{cite patent |url=https://www.google.com/patents/EP0229046A1 |country=EP |number=0229046A1 |title=Procédé d'obtention d'ADN, ARN, peptides, polypeptides ou protéines, par une technique de recombinaison d'ADN}}</ref> in England in 1989, and later in North America.<ref>{{patent|US|5,723,323|"Method of identifying a stochastically-generated peptide, polypeptide, or protein having ligand binding property and compositions thereof"}}</ref><ref>{{cite patent |url=https://www.google.com/patents/CA1339937C |country=CA |number=1339937C |title=Procedure for obtaining DNA, RNA peptides, polypeptides, or proteins by recombinant DNA techniques}}</ref>
==Fitness landscapes==
==Fitness landscapes==
== 适应度景观 ==
[[File:Visualization of two dimensions of a NK fitness landscape.png|thumb|Visualization of two dimensions of a NK fitness landscape. The arrows represent various mutational paths that the population could follow while evolving on the fitness landscape.|链接=Special:FilePath/Visualization_of_two_dimensions_of_a_NK_fitness_landscape.png]]
[[File:Visualization of two dimensions of a NK fitness landscape.png|thumb|Visualization of two dimensions of a NK fitness landscape. The arrows represent various mutational paths that the population could follow while evolving on the fitness landscape.|链接=Special:FilePath/Visualization_of_two_dimensions_of_a_NK_fitness_landscape.png]]
{{main|Fitness landscape}}
{{main|Fitness landscape}}
==Recognition and awards==
==Recognition and awards==
== 表彰与奖项 ==
Kauffman held a [[MacArthur Fellowship]] between 1987–1992. He also holds an Honorary Degree in Science from the University of Louvain (1997); He was awarded the Norbert Wiener Memorial Gold Medal for Cybernetics in 1973, the Gold Medal of the [[Accademia dei Lincei]] in Rome in 1990, the Trotter Prize for Information and Complexity in 2001, and the Herbert Simon award for Complex Systems in 2013. He became a Fellow of the [[Royal Society of Canada]] in 2009.
Kauffman held a [[MacArthur Fellowship]] between 1987–1992. He also holds an Honorary Degree in Science from the University of Louvain (1997); He was awarded the Norbert Wiener Memorial Gold Medal for Cybernetics in 1973, the Gold Medal of the [[Accademia dei Lincei]] in Rome in 1990, the Trotter Prize for Information and Complexity in 2001, and the Herbert Simon award for Complex Systems in 2013. He became a Fellow of the [[Royal Society of Canada]] in 2009.
== Works ==
== Works ==
== 工作 ==
= = 工作 = =
Kauffman is best known for arguing that the complexity of biological systems and organisms might result as much from [[self-organization#Biology|self-organization]] and far-from-equilibrium dynamics as from Darwinian [[natural selection]] in three areas of [[evolutionary biology]], namely [[population dynamics]], [[molecular evolution]], and [[morphogenesis]]. With respect to molecular biology, Kauffman's [[Structuralism (biology)|structuralist]] approach has been criticized for ignoring the role of [[energy]] in driving [[biochemistry|biochemical reactions]] in cells, which can fairly be called self-[[catalysis|catalyzing]] but which do not simply self-organize.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Fox |first=Ronald F. |title=Review of Stuart Kauffman, The Origins of Order: Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution |journal=Biophys. J. |date=December 1993 |volume=65 |issue=6 |pages=2698–2699 |pmc=1226010 |doi=10.1016/s0006-3495(93)81321-3 |bibcode=1993BpJ....65.2698F}}</ref> Some biologists and physicists working in Kauffman's area have questioned his claims about self-organization and evolution. A case in point is some comments in the 2001 book ''Self-Organization in Biological Systems''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Camazine |first1=Scott |last2=Deneubourg |first2=Jean-Louis |last3=Franks |first3=Nigel R. |last4=Sneyd |first4=James |last5=Theraulaz |first5=Guy |last6=Bonabeau |first6=Eric |date=2001 |title=Self-Organization in Biological Systems |series=Princeton Studies in Complexity |location=Princeton, New Jersey |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_OXaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA88 88–89], [https://books.google.com/books?id=_OXaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA283 283] |doi=10.2307/j.ctvzxx9tx |isbn=0691012113 |oclc=44876868 |jstor=j.ctvzxx9tx}}</ref> Roger Sansom's 2011 book ''Ingenious Genes: How Gene Regulation Networks Evolve to Control Development'' is an extended criticism of Kauffman's model of self-organization in relation to gene regulatory networks.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sansom |first=Roger |date=2011 |title=Ingenious Genes: How Gene Regulation Networks Evolve To Control Development |series=Life and Mind: Philosophical Issues in Biology and Psychology |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |isbn=9780262195812 |oclc=694600461 |doi=10.7551/mitpress/9780262195812.001.0001}} See also: {{cite journal |last=Wray |first=Gregory A. |date=December 2012 |title=Adaptation and Gene Networks: ''Ingenious Genes: How Gene Regulation Networks Evolve to Control Development'' [book review] |journal=[[BioScience]] |volume=62 |issue=12 |pages=1084–1085 |doi=10.1525/bio.2012.62.12.10 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
Kauffman is best known for arguing that the complexity of biological systems and organisms might result as much from [[self-organization#Biology|self-organization]] and far-from-equilibrium dynamics as from Darwinian [[natural selection]] in three areas of [[evolutionary biology]], namely [[population dynamics]], [[molecular evolution]], and [[morphogenesis]]. With respect to molecular biology, Kauffman's [[Structuralism (biology)|structuralist]] approach has been criticized for ignoring the role of [[energy]] in driving [[biochemistry|biochemical reactions]] in cells, which can fairly be called self-[[catalysis|catalyzing]] but which do not simply self-organize.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Fox |first=Ronald F. |title=Review of Stuart Kauffman, The Origins of Order: Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution |journal=Biophys. J. |date=December 1993 |volume=65 |issue=6 |pages=2698–2699 |pmc=1226010 |doi=10.1016/s0006-3495(93)81321-3 |bibcode=1993BpJ....65.2698F}}</ref> Some biologists and physicists working in Kauffman's area have questioned his claims about self-organization and evolution. A case in point is some comments in the 2001 book ''Self-Organization in Biological Systems''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Camazine |first1=Scott |last2=Deneubourg |first2=Jean-Louis |last3=Franks |first3=Nigel R. |last4=Sneyd |first4=James |last5=Theraulaz |first5=Guy |last6=Bonabeau |first6=Eric |date=2001 |title=Self-Organization in Biological Systems |series=Princeton Studies in Complexity |location=Princeton, New Jersey |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_OXaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA88 88–89], [https://books.google.com/books?id=_OXaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA283 283] |doi=10.2307/j.ctvzxx9tx |isbn=0691012113 |oclc=44876868 |jstor=j.ctvzxx9tx}}</ref> Roger Sansom's 2011 book ''Ingenious Genes: How Gene Regulation Networks Evolve to Control Development'' is an extended criticism of Kauffman's model of self-organization in relation to gene regulatory networks.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sansom |first=Roger |date=2011 |title=Ingenious Genes: How Gene Regulation Networks Evolve To Control Development |series=Life and Mind: Philosophical Issues in Biology and Psychology |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |isbn=9780262195812 |oclc=694600461 |doi=10.7551/mitpress/9780262195812.001.0001}} See also: {{cite journal |last=Wray |first=Gregory A. |date=December 2012 |title=Adaptation and Gene Networks: ''Ingenious Genes: How Gene Regulation Networks Evolve to Control Development'' [book review] |journal=[[BioScience]] |volume=62 |issue=12 |pages=1084–1085 |doi=10.1525/bio.2012.62.12.10 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
2017年，考夫曼与露丝•卡斯特纳(Ruth Kastner)和迈克尔•埃普森(Michael Epperson)合著了《严肃对待海森堡的“可能性”》(Taking Heisenberg’s Potentia Seriously)一书，探索了现实包括本体论上真实的“可能性”(res Potentia)和本体论上真实的“实际”(res extensa)的概念。
2017年，考夫曼与露丝•卡斯特纳(Ruth Kastner)和迈克尔•埃普森(Michael Epperson)合著了《严肃对待海森堡的“可能性”》(Taking Heisenberg’s Potentia Seriously)一书，探索了现实包括本体论上真实的“可能性”(res Potentia)和本体论上真实的“实际”(res extensa)的概念。
===Publications===
==Publications==
* {{cite journal |last1=Kauffman |first1=S. A. |last2=McCulloch |first2=W. S. |year=1967 |title=Random Nets of Formal Genes. Quarterly Progress Report 34 |publisher=Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology }}
== 出版物 ==
* {{cite journal |first=Stuart |last=Kauffman |title=Metabolic stability and epigenesis in randomly constructed genetic nets |journal=[[Journal of Theoretical Biology]] |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=437–467 |date=1969 |doi=10.1016/0022-5193(69)90015-0 |pmid=5803332}}
Selected articles
* {{cite journal |last=Kauffman |first=S. A. |year=1971a |title=Cellular Homeostasis, Epigenesis, and Replication in Randomly Aggregated Macromolecular Systems |journal=Journal of Cybernetics |volume=1 |pages=71–96 |doi=10.1080/01969727108545830}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Kauffman |first1=S. A. |last2=McCulloch |first2=W. S. |year=1967 |title=Random Nets of Formal Genes. Quarterly Progress Report 34 |publisher=Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology }}
* {{cite journal |last=Kauffman |first=S. A. |year=1971b |title=Differentiation of Malignant to Benign Cells |journal=Journal of Theoretical Biology |pages=429–451 |doi=10.1016/0022-5193(71)90020-8 |pmid=5556142 |volume=31|issue=3 }}
*{{cite journal |first=Stuart |last=Kauffman |title=Metabolic stability and epigenesis in randomly constructed genetic nets |journal=[[Journal of Theoretical Biology]] |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=437–467 |date=1969 |doi=10.1016/0022-5193(69)90015-0 |pmid=5803332}}
* {{cite journal |first=Stuart |last=Kauffman |title=Antichaos and Adaptation |journal=[[Scientific American]] |date=August 1991 |url=http://www.santafe.edu/media/workingpapers/91-09-037.pdf |access-date=2015-04-28 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0891-78 |volume=265 |issue=2 |pages=78–84|pmid=1862333 |bibcode=1991SciAm.265b..78K }}
*{{cite journal |last=Kauffman |first=S. A. |year=1971a |title=Cellular Homeostasis, Epigenesis, and Replication in Randomly Aggregated Macromolecular Systems |journal=Journal of Cybernetics |volume=1 |pages=71–96 |doi=10.1080/01969727108545830}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Kauffman |first1=S. A. |last2=Johnsen |first2=S |date=1991 |title=Co-Evolution to the Edge of Chaos: Coupled Fitness Landscapes, Poised States, and Co-Evolutionary Avalanches |journal=Journal of Theoretical Biology |volume=149 |issue=4 |pages=467–505 |doi=10.1016/s0022-5193(05)80094-3|pmid=2062105 |url=http://www.sccs.swarthmore.edu/users/08/bblonder/phys120/docs/kauffman.pdf |citeseerx=10.1.1.502.3299 }}
*{{cite journal |last=Kauffman |first=S. A. |year=1971b |title=Differentiation of Malignant to Benign Cells |journal=Journal of Theoretical Biology |pages=429–451 |doi=10.1016/0022-5193(71)90020-8 |pmid=5556142 |volume=31|issue=3 }}
* {{cite book |first=Stuart |last=Kauffman |chapter=Autonomous Agents |editor1=Barrow, John D. |editor-link=John D. Barrow |editor2=Davies, Paul C. W. |editor2-link=Paul Davies |editor3=Harper, Charles L. Jr. |title=Science and Ultimate Reality: Quantum Theory, Cosmology, and Complexity |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0521831130}}
*{{cite journal |first=Stuart |last=Kauffman |title=Antichaos and Adaptation |journal=[[Scientific American]] |date=August 1991 |url=http://www.santafe.edu/media/workingpapers/91-09-037.pdf |access-date=2015-04-28 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0891-78 |volume=265 |issue=2 |pages=78–84|pmid=1862333 |bibcode=1991SciAm.265b..78K }}
* {{cite book |first=Stuart |last=Kauffman |chapter=Prolegomenon to a General Biology |editor1=Dembski, William A. |editor-link=William A. Dembski |editor2=Ruse, Michael |editor2-link=Michael Ruse |title=Debating Design: From Darwin to DNA |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-1139459617}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Kauffman |first1=S. A. |last2=Johnsen |first2=S |date=1991 |title=Co-Evolution to the Edge of Chaos: Coupled Fitness Landscapes, Poised States, and Co-Evolutionary Avalanches |journal=Journal of Theoretical Biology |volume=149 |issue=4 |pages=467–505 |doi=10.1016/s0022-5193(05)80094-3|pmid=2062105 |url=http://www.sccs.swarthmore.edu/users/08/bblonder/phys120/docs/kauffman.pdf |citeseerx=10.1.1.502.3299 }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/kauffman06/kauffman06_index.html |title=Beyond reductionism: Reinventing The Sacred |first=Stuart A. |last=Kauffman |date=November 12, 2006 |work=Edge.com |publisher=Edge Foundation |access-date=2015-04-28}}
*{{cite book |first=Stuart |last=Kauffman |chapter=Autonomous Agents |editor1=Barrow, John D. |editor-link=John D. Barrow |editor2=Davies, Paul C. W. |editor2-link=Paul Davies |editor3=Harper, Charles L. Jr. |title=Science and Ultimate Reality: Quantum Theory, Cosmology, and Complexity |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0521831130}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Hanel |first1=R. |last2=Kauffman |first2=S. A. |last3=Thurner |first3=S. |year=2007 |title=Towards a Physics of Evolution: Critical Diversity Dynamics at the Edges of Collapse and Bursts of Diversification |journal=[[Physical Review E]] |volume=76 |issue=3 |pages=036110 |doi=10.1103/physreve.76.036110|pmid=17930309 |bibcode=2007PhRvE..76c6110H }}
*{{cite book |first=Stuart |last=Kauffman |chapter=Prolegomenon to a General Biology |editor1=Dembski, William A. |editor-link=William A. Dembski |editor2=Ruse, Michael |editor2-link=Michael Ruse |title=Debating Design: From Darwin to DNA |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-1139459617}}
* {{cite journal |first=Stuart |last=Kauffman |title=Why Humanity Needs a God of Creativity |journal=[[New Scientist]] |issue=2655 |date=May 7, 2008 |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19826556.000-perspectives-why-humanity-needs-a-god-of-creativity.html |access-date=2015-04-28 |doi=10.1016/s0262-4079(08)61171-9 |volume=198 |pages=52–53}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/kauffman06/kauffman06_index.html |title=Beyond reductionism: Reinventing The Sacred |first=Stuart A. |last=Kauffman |date=November 12, 2006 |work=Edge.com |publisher=Edge Foundation |access-date=2015-04-28}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Nykter |first1=M. |last2=Price |first2=N. D. |last3=Aldana |first3=M. |last4=Ramsey |first4=S. A. |last5=Kauffman |first5=S. A. |last6=Hood |first6=L. |last7=Yli-Harja |first7=O. |last8=Shmulevich |first8=I. |year=2008 |title=Gene Expression Dynamics in the Macrophage Exhibit Criticality |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci USA |volume=105 |issue=6 |pages=1897–1900 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0711525105|bibcode=2008PNAS..105.1897N |pmid=18250330 |pmc=2538855|doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Hanel |first1=R. |last2=Kauffman |first2=S. A. |last3=Thurner |first3=S. |year=2007 |title=Towards a Physics of Evolution: Critical Diversity Dynamics at the Edges of Collapse and Bursts of Diversification |journal=[[Physical Review E]] |volume=76 |issue=3 |pages=036110 |doi=10.1103/physreve.76.036110|pmid=17930309 |bibcode=2007PhRvE..76c6110H }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=S. |last2=Hu |first2=L. |last3=Kauffman |first3=S. |last4=Zhang |first4=W. |last5=Shmulevich |first5=I. |year=2009 |title=Using cell fate attractors to uncover transcriptional regulation of HL60 neutrophil differentiation |journal=BMC Systems Biology |volume=3 |page=20 |doi=10.1186/1752-0509-3-20|pmid=19222862 |pmc=2652435 }}
*{{cite journal |first=Stuart |last=Kauffman |title=Why Humanity Needs a God of Creativity |journal=[[New Scientist]] |issue=2655 |date=May 7, 2008 |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19826556.000-perspectives-why-humanity-needs-a-god-of-creativity.html |access-date=2015-04-28 |doi=10.1016/s0262-4079(08)61171-9 |volume=198 |pages=52–53}}
* {{cite book |last1=Huang |first1=S. |last2=Kauffman |first2=S. A. |year=2009 |chapter=Complex Gene Regulatory Networks - from Structure to Biological Observables: Cell Fate Determination |editor=Meyers, R. A. |title=Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-387-75888-6 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Nykter |first1=M. |last2=Price |first2=N. D. |last3=Aldana |first3=M. |last4=Ramsey |first4=S. A. |last5=Kauffman |first5=S. A. |last6=Hood |first6=L. |last7=Yli-Harja |first7=O. |last8=Shmulevich |first8=I. |year=2008 |title=Gene Expression Dynamics in the Macrophage Exhibit Criticality |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci USA |volume=105 |issue=6 |pages=1897–1900 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0711525105|bibcode=2008PNAS..105.1897N |pmid=18250330 |pmc=2538855|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite magazine |last=Kauffman |first=S. A. |year=2011 |title=Approaches to the Origin of Life on Earth |magazine=Life |volume=1 |number=1 |pages=34–48 |doi=10.3390/life1010034 |pmid=25382055 |pmc=4187126 |doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=S. |last2=Hu |first2=L. |last3=Kauffman |first3=S. |last4=Zhang |first4=W. |last5=Shmulevich |first5=I. |year=2009 |title=Using cell fate attractors to uncover transcriptional regulation of HL60 neutrophil differentiation |journal=BMC Systems Biology |volume=3 |page=20 |doi=10.1186/1752-0509-3-20|pmid=19222862 |pmc=2652435 }}
* {{cite arXiv |last1=Longo |first1=G. |last2=Montévil |first2=M. |last3=Kauffman |first3=S. |eprint=1201.2069|title=No entailing laws, but enablement in the evolution of the biosphere |date=January 2012 |class=q-bio.OT }}
*{{cite book |last1=Huang |first1=S. |last2=Kauffman |first2=S. A. |year=2009 |chapter=Complex Gene Regulatory Networks - from Structure to Biological Observables: Cell Fate Determination |editor=Meyers, R. A. |title=Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-387-75888-6 }}
* {{cite journal |first1=Stuart |last1=Kauffman |first2=Colin |last2=Hill |first3=Leroy |last3=Hood |first4=Sui |last4=Huang |title=Transforming Medicine: A Manifesto |journal=Scientific American Worldview |url=http://www.saworldview.com/special-report-cancer/transforming-medicine-a-manifesto/ |year=2014b |access-date=2015-04-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713110927/http://www.saworldview.com/special-report-cancer/transforming-medicine-a-manifesto/ |archive-date=July 13, 2014 |df=mdy-all }}
*{{cite magazine |last=Kauffman |first=S. A. |year=2011 |title=Approaches to the Origin of Life on Earth |magazine=Life |volume=1 |number=1 |pages=34–48 |doi=10.3390/life1010034 |pmid=25382055 |pmc=4187126 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite arXiv |first=Stuart |last=Kauffman |title=Beyond the Stalemate: Conscious Mind-Body - Quantum Mechanics - Free Will - Possible Panpsychism - Possible Interpretation of Quantum Enigma |date=October 2014 |eprint=1410.2127|class=physics.hist-ph }}
*{{cite arXiv |last1=Longo |first1=G. |last2=Montévil |first2=M. |last3=Kauffman |first3=S. |eprint=1201.2069|title=No entailing laws, but enablement in the evolution of the biosphere |date=January 2012 |class=q-bio.OT }}
* {{cite journal |ssrn=2197512 |title=Economic Opportunity and Evolution: Beyond Landscapes and Bounded Rationality |last1=Felin |first1=T. |last2=Kauffman |first2=S. |last3=Koppl |first3=R. |last4=Longo |first4=G. |journal=[[Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal]] |date=December 2014 |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=269–282 |doi=10.1002/sej.1184 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01415115/file/FelinKauffmanKopplLongoSEJ2014.pdf }}
*{{cite journal |first1=Stuart |last1=Kauffman |first2=Colin |last2=Hill |first3=Leroy |last3=Hood |first4=Sui |last4=Huang |title=Transforming Medicine: A Manifesto |journal=Scientific American Worldview |url=http://www.saworldview.com/special-report-cancer/transforming-medicine-a-manifesto/ |year=2014b |access-date=2015-04-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713110927/http://www.saworldview.com/special-report-cancer/transforming-medicine-a-manifesto/ |archive-date=July 13, 2014 |df=mdy-all }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Vattay |first1=G. |last2=Salahub |first2=D. |last3=Csaibai |first3=I. |last4=Nassmi |first4=A. |last5=Kauffman |first5=S. |title=Quantum Criticality at the Origin of Life |journal=Journal of Physics: Conference Series |volume=626 |pages=012023 |date=February 2015 |issue=1 |arxiv=1502.06880 |doi=10.1088/1742-6596/626/1/012023 |bibcode=2015JPhCS.626a2023V |s2cid=18439451 }}
*{{cite arXiv |first=Stuart |last=Kauffman |title=Beyond the Stalemate: Conscious Mind-Body - Quantum Mechanics - Free Will - Possible Panpsychism - Possible Interpretation of Quantum Enigma |date=October 2014 |eprint=1410.2127|class=physics.hist-ph }}
* {{cite book |last1=Kauffman |first1=S. |year=2016 |chapter=Answering Descartes: Beyond Turing |title=The Once and Future Turing |editor1=Cooper, S. Barry |editor-link=S. Barry Cooper |editor2=Hodges, Andrew |editor2-link=Andrew Hodges |publisher=Cambridge University Press }}
*{{cite journal |ssrn=2197512 |title=Economic Opportunity and Evolution: Beyond Landscapes and Bounded Rationality |last1=Felin |first1=T. |last2=Kauffman |first2=S. |last3=Koppl |first3=R. |last4=Longo |first4=G. |journal=[[Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal]] |date=December 2014 |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=269–282 |doi=10.1002/sej.1184 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01415115/file/FelinKauffmanKopplLongoSEJ2014.pdf }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Vattay |first1=G. |last2=Salahub |first2=D. |last3=Csaibai |first3=I. |last4=Nassmi |first4=A. |last5=Kauffman |first5=S. |title=Quantum Criticality at the Origin of Life |journal=Journal of Physics: Conference Series |volume=626 |pages=012023 |date=February 2015 |issue=1 |arxiv=1502.06880 |doi=10.1088/1742-6596/626/1/012023 |bibcode=2015JPhCS.626a2023V |s2cid=18439451 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Kauffman |first1=S. |year=2016 |chapter=Answering Descartes: Beyond Turing |title=The Once and Future Turing |editor1=Cooper, S. Barry |editor-link=S. Barry Cooper |editor2=Hodges, Andrew |editor2-link=Andrew Hodges |publisher=Cambridge University Press }}
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* {{cite book |first=Stuart |last=Kauffman |title=Reinventing the Sacred: A New View of Science, Reason, and Religion |publisher=Basic Books |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-465-00300-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/reinventingsacre00kauf_0 }}
* {{cite book |first=Stuart |last=Kauffman |title=Reinventing the Sacred: A New View of Science, Reason, and Religion |publisher=Basic Books |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-465-00300-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/reinventingsacre00kauf_0 }}
* {{cite book |first=Stuart |last=Kauffman |title=Humanity in a Creative Universe |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-19-939045-8}}
* {{cite book |first=Stuart |last=Kauffman |title=Humanity in a Creative Universe |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-19-939045-8}}
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==Notes==
==Note==
== 注释 ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Reflist|30em}}
==References==
==References==
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== 参考文献 ==
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*{{cite book |last=Chialvo |first=D. R. |chapter=Critical Brain Dynamics at Large Scale |title=Criticality in Neural Systems |volume=1 |editor2=Niebur, E. |editor1=Plenz D. |editor3=Schuster H. G. |publisher=Wiley |year=2013 |isbn=978-3-527-41104-7 }}
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*{{cite journal |last1=Dadon |first1=Z. |last2=Wagner |first2=N. |last3=Ashkenasy |first3=G. |year=2008 |title=The Road to Non-Enzymatic Molecular Networks |journal=Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. |volume=47 |issue=33 |pages=6128–6136 |doi=10.1002/anie.200702552|pmid=18613152 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Dadon |first1=Z. |last2=Wagner |first2=N. |last3=Cohen-Luria |first3=R. |last4=Ashkenasy |first4=G. |year=2012 |chapter=Reaction Networks. Wagner and Askkenazy's (2008) results demonstrate that molecular replication need not be based on DNA or RNA template replication, still the dominate view for the origin of life |editor1=Gale, P. A. |editor2=Steed J. W. |title=Supramolecular Chemistry: From Molecules to Nanomaterials |publisher=John Wiley and Sons, Ltd. |isbn=978-0-470-74640-0 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Rivkin |first1=J. W. |last2=Siggelkow |first2=N. |title=Organizational Sticking Points on NK Landscapes |journal=Complexity |volume=7 |issue=5 |date=May–June 2002 |pages=31–43 |url=http://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=14814 |access-date=2015-04-28 |doi=10.1002/cplx.10037|bibcode=2002Cmplx...7e..31R }}
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==References==
==Further reading==
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==Further reading==
==进一步阅读==
* {{cite book |last=Di Bernardo |first=Mirko |title=I sentieri evolutivi della complessità biologica nell'opera di S. A. Kauffman |publisher=Mimesis |location=Milano |year=2011 |isbn=978-8857504131 |language=it}}
* {{cite book |last=Di Bernardo |first=Mirko |title=I sentieri evolutivi della complessità biologica nell'opera di S. A. Kauffman |publisher=Mimesis |location=Milano |year=2011 |isbn=978-8857504131 |language=it}}
* {{cite journal |last=Goldstein |first=Jeffrey A. |date=2008 |title=Book Review of ''Reinventing the Sacred: A New View of Science, Reason, and Religion'', by Stuart Kauffman |journal=Emergence: Complexity & Organization |volume=10 |number=3 |pages=117–130}}
* {{cite journal |last=Goldstein |first=Jeffrey A. |date=2008 |title=Book Review of ''Reinventing the Sacred: A New View of Science, Reason, and Religion'', by Stuart Kauffman |journal=Emergence: Complexity & Organization |volume=10 |number=3 |pages=117–130}}
* {{cite journal |last=Rizzo |first=Francesco |url=https://www.academia.edu/36810553 |title=Kauffman lettore di Wittgenstein |publisher=Università degli studi di Palermo |location=Palermo |year=2017 |language=it}}
* {{cite journal |last=Rizzo |first=Francesco |url=https://www.academia.edu/36810553 |title=Kauffman lettore di Wittgenstein |publisher=Università degli studi di Palermo |location=Palermo |year=2017 |language=it}}
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= = 进一步阅读 = =
= External links =
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== External links ==
== 外部链接 ==
{{wikiquote}}
{{wikiquote}}
* {{cite news |url=https://www.salon.com/2008/11/19/stuart_kauffman/ |title=God Enough |first=Steve |last=Paulson |work=[[Salon (website)|Salon]] |date=November 9, 2008 |access-date=2015-04-28}}
* {{cite news |url=https://www.salon.com/2008/11/19/stuart_kauffman/ |title=God Enough |first=Steve |last=Paulson |work=[[Salon (website)|Salon]] |date=November 9, 2008 |access-date=2015-04-28}}