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第12行： − In ecology, a niche is the match of a species to a specific environmental condition.+ − − − It describes how an organism or population responds to the distribution of resources and competitors (for example, by growing when resources are abundant, and when predators, parasites and pathogens are scarce) and how it in turn alters those same factors (for example, limiting access to resources by other organisms, acting as a food source for predators and a consumer of prey). "The type and number of variables comprising the dimensions of an environmental niche vary from one species to another [and] the relative importance of particular environmental variables for a species may vary according to the geographic and biotic contexts". + + − 在生态学中，生态位是一个物种与特定环境条件的匹配。它描述了生态位的3种变体如何对资源和竞争对手的分布做出反应(例如，在资源丰富的时候生长，而在捕食者、寄生虫和病原体稀缺的时候生长) ，以及它如何反过来改变这些相同的因素(例如，限制其他生物对资源的获取，充当捕食者的食物来源和猎物的消费者)。”构成环境生态位尺度的变量的类型和数量因物种而异，[而]特定环境变量对某一物种的相对重要性可能因地理和生物环境而异”。另见第二章: 壁龛的概念，第7页。+ − A Grinnellian niche is determined by the habitat in which a species lives and its accompanying behavioral adaptations. An Eltonian niche emphasizes that a species not only grows in and responds to an environment, it may also change the environment and its behavior as it grows. The Hutchinsonian niche uses mathematics and statistics to try to explain how species coexist within a given community.+ − − 格林尼利亚生态位是由一个物种生活的栖息地及其伴随的行为适应决定的。埃尔顿生态位强调物种不仅在环境中生长并对环境作出反应，而且在生长过程中还可能改变环境及其行为。哈钦森生态位使用数学和统计学来解释物种如何在一个给定的群落中共存。 第35行：
第32行： − The concept of ecological niche is central to ecological biogeography, which focuses on spatial patterns of ecological communities. Viewable on line via Amazon's 'look-inside' feature.+ − "Species distributions and their dynamics over time result from properties of the species, environmental variation..., and interactions between the two—in particular the abilities of some species, especially our own, to modify their environments and alter the range dynamics of many other species." − Viewable on line via Amazon's 'look-inside' feature. − Alteration of an ecological niche by its inhabitants is the topic of niche construction. − − − − − 生态位的概念是生态生物地理学的核心，生态生物地理学关注于生态群落的空间格局。可以通过亚马逊的“内观”功能在线观看。“物种的分布及其随时间变化的动态来自物种的特性、环境变化... ... 以及两者之间的相互作用——特别是某些物种，尤其是我们自己的物种，具有改变其环境和改变许多其他物种分布范围动态的能力。”可以通过亚马逊的“内观”功能在线观看。居民对生态位的改造是生态位建设的主题。 − The majority of species exist in a standard ecological niche, sharing behaviors, adaptations, and functional traits similar to the other closely related species within the same broad taxonomic class, but there are exceptions. A premier example of a non-standard niche filling species is the flightless, ground-dwelling kiwi bird of New Zealand, which feeds on worms and other ground creatures, and lives its life in a mammal-like niche. Island biogeography can help explain island species and associated unfilled niches.+ − − 大多数物种存在于一个标准的生态位中，共享行为、适应和功能特征，类似于同一广泛分类类别中其他密切相关的物种，但也有例外。非标准生态位填补物种的一个典型例子是新西兰的不会飞的陆栖猕猴桃，它以蠕虫和其他陆栖生物为食，在类似哺乳动物的生态位中生活。岛屿生物地理学可以帮助解释岛屿物种和相关的未填补的生态位。
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Three variants of ecological niche are described by
Three variants of ecological niche are described by
See also Chapter 2: Concepts of niches, pp. 7 ff
See also Chapter 2: Concepts of niches, pp. 7 ff
在生态学中，生态位是一个物种与特定环境条件的匹配。它描述了生物体或种群如何对资源和竞争对手的分布做出反应(例如，在资源丰富同时捕食者、寄生虫、病原体稀少的时候生长) ，以及它如何反过来改变这些相同的因素(例如，限制其他生物获取资源，充当捕食者的食物来源和猎物的消费者)。”构成环境生态位尺度的变量的类型和数量因物种而异，[而]特定环境变量对某一物种的相对重要性可能因地理和生物环境而异”。
生态位的三种变体
另见第二章: 壁龛的概念，第7页及其后。
A Grinnellian niche is determined by the [[habitat]] in which a species lives and its accompanying [[Behavioral ecology|behavioral adaptations]]. An Eltonian niche emphasizes that a species not only grows in and responds to an environment, it may also change the environment and its behavior as it grows. The Hutchinsonian niche uses mathematics and statistics to try to explain how species coexist within a given community.
A Grinnellian niche is determined by the [[habitat]] in which a species lives and its accompanying [[Behavioral ecology|behavioral adaptations]]. An Eltonian niche emphasizes that a species not only grows in and responds to an environment, it may also change the environment and its behavior as it grows. The Hutchinsonian niche uses mathematics and statistics to try to explain how species coexist within a given community.
格林尼利亚生态位是由物种生活的栖息地及其伴随的行为适应决定的。埃尔顿生态位强调物种不仅在环境中生长并对环境作出反应，而且在生长过程中还可能改变环境及其行为。哈钦森生态位使用数学和统计学试图解释物种如何在一个给定的群落中共存。
The concept of ecological niche is central to ecological [[biogeography]], which focuses on spatial patterns of ecological communities.<ref name="Biogeography">{{cite book |author1=Mark V Lomolino |author2=Brett R Riddle |author3=James H Brown |title=Biogeography |publisher=Sinauer Associates |location=Sunderland, Mass |year=2009 |edition=3rd |isbn=978-0878934867 |quote=The geographic range of a species can be viewed as a spatial reflection of its niche |page=[https://archive.org/details/biogeography0000lomo/page/73 73] |chapter=The geographic range as a reflection of the niche |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/biogeography0000lomo/page/73 }} [https://www.amazon.com/Biogeography-Third-Mark-V-Lomolino/dp/0878934863/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1400001561&sr=1-1#reader_0878934863 Viewable on line] via Amazon's 'look-inside' feature.
The concept of ecological niche is central to ecological [[biogeography]], which focuses on spatial patterns of ecological communities.<ref name="Biogeography">{{cite book |author1=Mark V Lomolino |author2=Brett R Riddle |author3=James H Brown |title=Biogeography |publisher=Sinauer Associates |location=Sunderland, Mass |year=2009 |edition=3rd |isbn=978-0878934867 |quote=The geographic range of a species can be viewed as a spatial reflection of its niche |page=[https://archive.org/details/biogeography0000lomo/page/73 73] |chapter=The geographic range as a reflection of the niche |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/biogeography0000lomo/page/73 }} [https://www.amazon.com/Biogeography-Third-Mark-V-Lomolino/dp/0878934863/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1400001561&sr=1-1#reader_0878934863 Viewable on line] via Amazon's 'look-inside' feature.
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生态位的概念是生态生物地理学的核心，它关注生态群落的空间格局。“物种的分布及其随时间变化的动态是由物种的特性、环境变化所决定的... ... 以及两者之间的相互作用——特别是某些物种，尤其是我们自己，具有改变其环境和改变许多其他物种的活动范围。”居民对生态位的改造是生态位建设的主题。
The majority of species exist in a standard ecological niche, sharing behaviors, adaptations, and [[Functional group (ecology)|functional traits]] similar to the other closely related species within the same broad [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] class, but there are exceptions. A premier example of a non-standard niche filling species is the flightless, ground-dwelling [[Kiwi (bird)|kiwi]] bird of New Zealand, which feeds on worms and other ground creatures, and lives its life in a mammal-like niche. [[Island biogeography]] can help explain island species and associated unfilled niches.
The majority of species exist in a standard ecological niche, sharing behaviors, adaptations, and [[Functional group (ecology)|functional traits]] similar to the other closely related species within the same broad [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] class, but there are exceptions. A premier example of a non-standard niche filling species is the flightless, ground-dwelling [[Kiwi (bird)|kiwi]] bird of New Zealand, which feeds on worms and other ground creatures, and lives its life in a mammal-like niche. [[Island biogeography]] can help explain island species and associated unfilled niches.
大多数物种存在于一个标准的生态位中，共享行为、适应和功能特征，类似于同一广泛分类类别中其他密切相关的物种，但也有例外。非标准生态位填补物种的一个典型例子是新西兰的不会飞的几维鸟，它以蠕虫和其他陆栖生物为食，在类似哺乳动物的生态位中生活。岛屿生物地理学可以帮助解释岛屿物种和相关的未填补的生态位。
==Grinnellian niche==
==Grinnellian niche==