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Host–parasite coevolution is the coevolution of a host and a parasite. A general characteristic of many viruses, as obligate parasites, is that they coevolved alongside their respective hosts. Correlated mutations between the two species enter them into an evolution arms race. Whichever organism, host or parasite, that cannot keep up with the other will be eliminated from their habitat, as the species with the higher average population fitness survives. This race is known as the Red Queen hypothesis. cited in: The Red Queen Principle The Red Queen hypothesis predicts that sexual reproduction allows a host to stay just ahead of its parasite, similar to the Red Queen's race in Through the Looking-Glass: "it takes all the running you can do, to keep in the same place". The host reproduces sexually, producing some offspring with immunity over its parasite, which then evolves in response.

Host–parasite coevolution is the coevolution of a host and a parasite. A general characteristic of many viruses, as obligate parasites, is that they coevolved alongside their respective hosts. Correlated mutations between the two species enter them into an evolution arms race. Whichever organism, host or parasite, that cannot keep up with the other will be eliminated from their habitat, as the species with the higher average population fitness survives. This race is known as the Red Queen hypothesis. cited in: The Red Queen Principle The Red Queen hypothesis predicts that sexual reproduction allows a host to stay just ahead of its parasite, similar to the Red Queen's race in Through the Looking-Glass: "it takes all the running you can do, to keep in the same place". The host reproduces sexually, producing some offspring with immunity over its parasite, which then evolves in response.

宿主-寄生虫的共同演化是宿主和寄生虫的共同演化。<ref name="Woolhouse">{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/ng1202-569 |last1=Woolhouse |first1=M. E. J. |last2=Webster |first2=J. P. |last3=Domingo |first3=E. |last4=Charlesworth|first4=B. |last5=Levin |first5=B. R. |title=Biological and biomedical implications of the coevolution of pathogens and their hosts |journal=[[Nature Genetics]] |date=December 2002 |pmid=12457190 |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=569–77 |url=http://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/1842/689/2/Charlesworth_Woolhouse.pdf|hdl=1842/689 |s2cid=33145462 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>许多病毒作为专性寄生虫的一个普遍特征是它们与各自宿主的共同演化。这两个物种之间的相关突变使它们进入了进化的军备竞赛。无论是哪种生物、宿主或寄生物，如果不能跟上其他生物的步伐，它们就会从它们的栖息地消失，而平均适合度较高的物种会幸存下来。这种竞争的假说被称为红皇后假说。<ref>{{cite journal |author=Van Valen, L. |date=1973 |title=A New Evolutionary Law |journal=Evolutionary Theory |volume=1 |pages=1–30}} cited in: [http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/REDQUEEN.html The Red Queen Principle]</ref>红皇后假说预测有性生殖可以让寄主在寄生虫之前保持领先，就像''爱丽丝镜中奇遇''的红皇后比赛一样：“尽你所能地跑，却仍保持在同一个地方。”。<ref>{{cite book |last=Carroll |first=Lewis |author-link=Lewis Carroll |orig-year=1871 |title=Through the Looking-glass: And what Alice Found There |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cJJZAAAAYAAJ |publisher=Macmillan |date=1875 |page=42 |quote=it takes all the running ''you'' can do, to keep in the same place.}}</ref>宿主进行有性繁殖，产生一些对寄生虫具有免疫力的后代，然后进化为应对措施。<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/srep10004 |last=Rabajante |first=J. |display-authors=etal |title=Red Queen dynamics in multi-host and multi-parasite interaction system |journal=[[Scientific Reports]] |year=2015 |volume=5 |pages=10004 |pmid=25899168 |pmc=4405699|bibcode=2015NatSR...510004R}}</ref>

宿主-寄生虫的共同演化是宿主和寄生虫的共同演化。<ref name="Woolhouse">{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/ng1202-569 |last1=Woolhouse |first1=M. E. J. |last2=Webster |first2=J. P. |last3=Domingo |first3=E. |last4=Charlesworth|first4=B. |last5=Levin |first5=B. R. |title=Biological and biomedical implications of the coevolution of pathogens and their hosts |journal=[[Nature Genetics]] |date=December 2002 |pmid=12457190 |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=569–77 |url=http://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/1842/689/2/Charlesworth_Woolhouse.pdf|hdl=1842/689 |s2cid=33145462 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>许多病毒作为专性寄生虫的一个普遍特征是它们与各自宿主的共同演化。这两个物种之间的相关突变使它们进入了进化的军备竞赛。无论是哪种生物、宿主或寄生物，如果不能跟上其他生物的步伐，它们就会从它们的栖息地消失，而平均适合度较高的物种会幸存下来。这种竞争的假说被称为红皇后假说。<ref>{{cite journal |author=Van Valen, L. |date=1973 |title=A New Evolutionary Law |journal=Evolutionary Theory |volume=1 |pages=1–30}} cited in: [http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/REDQUEEN.html The Red Queen Principle]</ref>红皇后假说预测有性生殖可以让寄主在寄生虫之前保持领先，就像''爱丽丝镜中奇遇''的红皇后比赛一样：“尽你所能跑，却仍保持在同一个地方。”。<ref>{{cite book |last=Carroll |first=Lewis |author-link=Lewis Carroll |orig-year=1871 |title=Through the Looking-glass: And what Alice Found There |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cJJZAAAAYAAJ |publisher=Macmillan |date=1875 |page=42 |quote=it takes all the running ''you'' can do, to keep in the same place.}}</ref>宿主进行有性繁殖，产生一些对寄生虫具有免疫力的后代，然后进化为应对措施。<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/srep10004 |last=Rabajante |first=J. |display-authors=etal |title=Red Queen dynamics in multi-host and multi-parasite interaction system |journal=[[Scientific Reports]] |year=2015 |volume=5 |pages=10004 |pmid=25899168 |pmc=4405699|bibcode=2015NatSR...510004R}}</ref>

The parasite–host relationship probably drove the prevalence of sexual reproduction over the more efficient asexual reproduction. It seems that when a parasite infects a host, sexual reproduction affords a better chance of developing resistance (through variation in the next generation), giving sexual reproduction variability for fitness not seen in the asexual reproduction, which produces another generation of the organism susceptible to infection by the same parasite.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sexual reproduction works thanks to ever-evolving host, parasite relationships |website=PhysOrg |url=https://phys.org/news/2011-07-sexual-reproduction-ever-evolving-host-parasite.html |date=7 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Morran, L.T. |author2=Schmidt, O.G. |author3=Gelarden, I.A. |author4=Parrish, R.C. II |author5= Lively, C.M. |title=Running with the Red Queen: Host-Parasite Coevolution Selects for Biparental Sex |journal=Science |volume=333 |issue=6039 |pages=216–8 |date=8 July 2011 |id=Science.1206360 |bibcode=2011Sci...333..216M |doi=10.1126/science.1206360 |pmid=21737739 |pmc=3402160}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Hogan, C. Michael |date=2010 |url=https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Virus |title=Virus |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Earth |editor=Cutler Cleveland |editor2=Sidney Draggan}}</ref> Coevolution between host and parasite may accordingly be responsible for much of the genetic diversity seen in normal populations, including blood-plasma polymorphism, protein polymorphism, and histocompatibility systems.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Anderson, R. |author2=May, R. |date=October 1982 |title=Coevolution of hosts and parasites |journal=Parasitology |volume=85 |issue=2 |pages=411–426 |doi=10.1017/S0031182000055360 |pmid=6755367}}</ref>

The parasite–host relationship probably drove the prevalence of sexual reproduction over the more efficient asexual reproduction. It seems that when a parasite infects a host, sexual reproduction affords a better chance of developing resistance (through variation in the next generation), giving sexual reproduction variability for fitness not seen in the asexual reproduction, which produces another generation of the organism susceptible to infection by the same parasite.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sexual reproduction works thanks to ever-evolving host, parasite relationships |website=PhysOrg |url=https://phys.org/news/2011-07-sexual-reproduction-ever-evolving-host-parasite.html |date=7 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Morran, L.T. |author2=Schmidt, O.G. |author3=Gelarden, I.A. |author4=Parrish, R.C. II |author5= Lively, C.M. |title=Running with the Red Queen: Host-Parasite Coevolution Selects for Biparental Sex |journal=Science |volume=333 |issue=6039 |pages=216–8 |date=8 July 2011 |id=Science.1206360 |bibcode=2011Sci...333..216M |doi=10.1126/science.1206360 |pmid=21737739 |pmc=3402160}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Hogan, C. Michael |date=2010 |url=https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Virus |title=Virus |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Earth |editor=Cutler Cleveland |editor2=Sidney Draggan}}</ref> Coevolution between host and parasite may accordingly be responsible for much of the genetic diversity seen in normal populations, including blood-plasma polymorphism, protein polymorphism, and histocompatibility systems.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Anderson, R. |author2=May, R. |date=October 1982 |title=Coevolution of hosts and parasites |journal=Parasitology |volume=85 |issue=2 |pages=411–426 |doi=10.1017/S0031182000055360 |pmid=6755367}}</ref>

The parasite–host relationship probably drove the prevalence of sexual reproduction over the more efficient asexual reproduction. It seems that when a parasite infects a host, sexual reproduction affords a better chance of developing resistance (through variation in the next generation), giving sexual reproduction variability for fitness not seen in the asexual reproduction, which produces another generation of the organism susceptible to infection by the same parasite. Coevolution between host and parasite may accordingly be responsible for much of the genetic diversity seen in normal populations, including blood-plasma polymorphism, protein polymorphism, and histocompatibility systems.

The parasite–host relationship probably drove the prevalence of sexual reproduction over the more efficient asexual reproduction. It seems that when a parasite infects a host, sexual reproduction affords a better chance of developing resistance (through variation in the next generation), giving sexual reproduction variability for fitness not seen in the asexual reproduction, which produces another generation of the organism susceptible to infection by the same parasite. Coevolution between host and parasite may accordingly be responsible for much of the genetic diversity seen in normal populations, including blood-plasma polymorphism, protein polymorphism, and histocompatibility systems.

[[File:Reed warbler cuckoo.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Brood parasite]]: [[Eurasian reed warbler]] raising a [[common cuckoo]]<ref name=Weiblen/>|链接=Special:FilePath/Reed_warbler_cuckoo.jpg]]

[[File:Reed warbler cuckoo.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Brood parasite]]: [[Eurasian reed warbler]] raising a [[common cuckoo]]<ref name=Weiblen/>|链接=Special:FilePath/Reed_warbler_cuckoo.jpg]]