68
个编辑
更改
跳到导航
跳到搜索
第111行：
第111行： − + 第207行：
第207行： − + 第262行：
第262行： − + − +
无编辑摘要
===无花果的生殖与无花果蜂===
===无花果的生殖与无花果蜂===
[[File:Ficus plant.jpg|thumb|left|一颗[[Common fig|无花果树]] 露出它许多细小的结种成熟[[gynoecia|雌蕊群]]。它们被无花果蜂''[[Blastophaga psenes]]''.授粉，在 栽培的无花果树中也有无性 品种。<ref name=Suleman/>|链接=Special:FilePath/Ficus_plant.jpg]]
[[File:Ficus plant.jpg|thumb|left|一颗[[Common fig|无花果树]] 露出它许多细小的结种成熟[[gynoecia|雌蕊群]]。它们被无花果蜂''[[Blastophaga psenes]]''授粉，在 栽培的无花果树中也有无性 品种。<ref name=Suleman/>|链接=Special:FilePath/Ficus_plant.jpg]]
{{Main|Reproductive coevolution in Ficus}}
{{Main|Reproductive coevolution in Ficus}}
The genus ''[[Ficus]]'' is composed of 800 species of vines, shrubs, and trees, including the cultivated fig, defined by their [[syconium]]s, the fruit-like vessels that either hold female flowers or pollen on the inside. Each fig species has its own [[fig wasp]] which (in most cases) pollinates the fig, so a tight mutual dependence has evolved and persisted throughout the genus.
The genus ''[[Ficus]]'' is composed of 800 species of vines, shrubs, and trees, including the cultivated fig, defined by their [[syconium]]s, the fruit-like vessels that either hold female flowers or pollen on the inside. Each fig species has its own [[fig wasp]] which (in most cases) pollinates the fig, so a tight mutual dependence has evolved and persisted throughout the genus.
到目前为止，所列出的共同演化类型均是被描述为两两而作用的（也称为特定的共同演化）——其中一个物种的特征直接响应第二个物种特征而演化；反之亦然。然而现实当中所遇到的共同演化并非总是如此。另一种演化模式出现在相互演化之处，然而是在一组物种而不是两个物种之间。这被称作为泛协同性（集团性）的或散漫的共同演化。例如，几种开花植物例如在长管的末端提供花蜜的特征可以与一种或几种传粉昆虫例如长喙的特征共同演化。更一般地说，被子植物是由来自不同科的昆虫授粉的，包括蜜蜂、苍蝇和甲虫，所有这些昆虫形成了一个广泛的授粉的协同系统，它们对花朵产生的花蜜或花粉作出反应。<ref name="Juenger">Juenger, Thomas, and [[Joy Bergelson]]. "Pairwise versus diffuse natural selection and the multiple herbivores of scarlet gilia, Ipomopsis aggregata." Evolution (1998): 1583–1592.</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Gullan, P. J. |author2=Cranston, P. S. |date=2010 |title=The Insects: An Outline of Entomology |url=https://archive.org/details/insectsoutlineen00pjgu |url-access=limited |publisher=Wiley |edition=4th |isbn=978-1-118-84615-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/insectsoutlineen00pjgu/page/n315 291]–293}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rader |first1=Romina |last2=Bartomeus |first2=Ignasi |display-authors=etal |title=Non-bee insects are important contributors to global crop pollination |journal=PNAS |date=2016 |volume=113 |issue=1 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1517092112 |pmid=26621730 |pmc=4711867 |pages=146–151 |bibcode=2016PNAS..113..146R|doi-access=free }}</ref>
到目前为止，所列出的共同演化类型均是被描述为两两而作用的（也称为特定的共同演化）——其中一个物种的特征直接响应第二个物种特征而演化；反之亦然。然而现实当中所遇到的共同演化并非总是如此。另一种演化模式出现在相互演化之处，然而是在一组物种而不是两个物种之间。这被称作为泛协同性（集团性）的或散漫的共同演化。例如，几种开花植物例如在长管的末端提供花蜜的特征可以与一种或几种传粉昆虫例如长喙的特征共同演化。更一般地说，被子植物是由来自不同科的昆虫授粉的，包括蜜蜂、苍蝇和甲虫，所有这些昆虫形成了一个广泛的授粉的协同系统，它们对花朵产生的花蜜或花粉作出反应。<ref name="Juenger">Juenger, Thomas, and [[Joy Bergelson]]. "Pairwise versus diffuse natural selection and the multiple herbivores of scarlet gilia, Ipomopsis aggregata." Evolution (1998): 1583–1592.</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Gullan, P. J. |author2=Cranston, P. S. |date=2010 |title=The Insects: An Outline of Entomology |url=https://archive.org/details/insectsoutlineen00pjgu |url-access=limited |publisher=Wiley |edition=4th |isbn=978-1-118-84615-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/insectsoutlineen00pjgu/page/n315 291]–293}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rader |first1=Romina |last2=Bartomeus |first2=Ignasi |display-authors=etal |title=Non-bee insects are important contributors to global crop pollination |journal=PNAS |date=2016 |volume=113 |issue=1 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1517092112 |pmid=26621730 |pmc=4711867 |pages=146–151 |bibcode=2016PNAS..113..146R|doi-access=free }}</ref>
== Geographic mosaic theory ==
== 地理镶嵌理论 ==
{{main|Mosaic coevolution}}
{{main|Mosaic coevolution}}
协同演化性的算法已经应用于生成人工生命；以及优化、博弈学习和机器学习等方面。<ref>Potter M. and K. De Jong, Evolving Complex Structures via Cooperative Coevolution, Fourth Annual Conference on Evolutionary Programming, San Diego, CA, 1995.</ref><ref>Potter M., The Design and Computational Model of Cooperative Coevolution, PhD thesis, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, 1997.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Potter|first1=Mitchell A.|last2=De Jong|first2=Kenneth A.|title=Cooperative Coevolution: An Architecture for Evolving Coadapted Subcomponents|journal=Evolutionary Computation|date=2000|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–29|doi=10.1162/106365600568086|pmid=10753229|citeseerx=10.1.1.134.2926|s2cid=10265380}}</ref><ref>Weigand P., Liles W., De Jong K., An empirical analysis of collaboration methods in cooperative coevolutionary algorithms. Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO) 2001.</ref><ref>Weigand P., An Analysis of Cooperative Coevolutionary Algorithms, PhD thesis, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, 2003.</ref>丹尼尔希尔斯引进“共同进化寄生虫”防止优化过程陷入局部极大值。<ref>{{citation |author=Hillis, W.D. |year=1990 |title=Co-evolving parasites improve simulated evolution as an optimization procedure |journal=Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena |volume=42 |issue=1–3 |pages=228–234 |doi=10.1016/0167-2789(90)90076-2|bibcode=1990PhyD...42..228H}}</ref>卡尔西姆斯将这一概念用至了虚拟生物上面。<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sims |first1=Karl |title=Evolved Virtual Creatures |url=http://www.karlsims.com/evolved-virtual-creatures.html|publisher=Karl Sims|access-date=17 January 2017|date=1994}}</ref>
协同演化性的算法已经应用于生成人工生命；以及优化、博弈学习和机器学习等方面。<ref>Potter M. and K. De Jong, Evolving Complex Structures via Cooperative Coevolution, Fourth Annual Conference on Evolutionary Programming, San Diego, CA, 1995.</ref><ref>Potter M., The Design and Computational Model of Cooperative Coevolution, PhD thesis, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, 1997.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Potter|first1=Mitchell A.|last2=De Jong|first2=Kenneth A.|title=Cooperative Coevolution: An Architecture for Evolving Coadapted Subcomponents|journal=Evolutionary Computation|date=2000|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–29|doi=10.1162/106365600568086|pmid=10753229|citeseerx=10.1.1.134.2926|s2cid=10265380}}</ref><ref>Weigand P., Liles W., De Jong K., An empirical analysis of collaboration methods in cooperative coevolutionary algorithms. Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO) 2001.</ref><ref>Weigand P., An Analysis of Cooperative Coevolutionary Algorithms, PhD thesis, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, 2003.</ref>丹尼尔希尔斯引进“共同进化寄生虫”防止优化过程陷入局部极大值。<ref>{{citation |author=Hillis, W.D. |year=1990 |title=Co-evolving parasites improve simulated evolution as an optimization procedure |journal=Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena |volume=42 |issue=1–3 |pages=228–234 |doi=10.1016/0167-2789(90)90076-2|bibcode=1990PhyD...42..228H}}</ref>卡尔西姆斯将这一概念用至了虚拟生物上面。<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sims |first1=Karl |title=Evolved Virtual Creatures |url=http://www.karlsims.com/evolved-virtual-creatures.html|publisher=Karl Sims|access-date=17 January 2017|date=1994}}</ref>
===在建筑中===
===在建筑学中===
The concept of coevolution was introduced in architecture by the Danish architect-urbanist [[Henrik Valeur]] as an antithesis to "star-architecture".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://henrikvaleur.dk/biography/ |title=Henrik Valeur's biography |access-date=2015-08-29}}</ref> As the curator of the Danish Pavilion at the 2006 Venice Biennale of Architecture, he created an exhibition-project on coevolution in urban development in China; it won the Golden Lion for Best National Pavilion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dac.dk/en/dac-life/exhibitions/2006/co-evolution/about-co-evolution/ |title=About Co-evolution |publisher=Danish Architecture Centre |access-date=2015-08-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120011414/http://www.dac.dk/en/dac-life/exhibitions/2006/co-evolution/about-co-evolution/ |archive-date=2015-11-20 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://movingcities.org/interviews/henrik-valeur_domuschina/ |title= An interview with Henrik Valeur |publisher=Movingcities |access-date=2015-10-17 |date=2007-12-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Valeur |first=Henrik |title=Co-evolution: Danish/Chinese Collaboration on Sustainable Urban Development in China|publisher=Danish Architecture Centre|year= 2006|location= Copenhagen |isbn=978-87-90668-61-7 |page=12}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Valeur |first=Henrik |title=India: the Urban Transition - a Case Study of Development Urbanism |publisher=Architectural Publisher B |year=2014 |isbn=978-87-92700-09-4 |title-link=India: the Urban Transition |page=22}}</ref>
The concept of coevolution was introduced in architecture by the Danish architect-urbanist [[Henrik Valeur]] as an antithesis to "star-architecture".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://henrikvaleur.dk/biography/ |title=Henrik Valeur's biography |access-date=2015-08-29}}</ref> As the curator of the Danish Pavilion at the 2006 Venice Biennale of Architecture, he created an exhibition-project on coevolution in urban development in China; it won the Golden Lion for Best National Pavilion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dac.dk/en/dac-life/exhibitions/2006/co-evolution/about-co-evolution/ |title=About Co-evolution |publisher=Danish Architecture Centre |access-date=2015-08-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120011414/http://www.dac.dk/en/dac-life/exhibitions/2006/co-evolution/about-co-evolution/ |archive-date=2015-11-20 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://movingcities.org/interviews/henrik-valeur_domuschina/ |title= An interview with Henrik Valeur |publisher=Movingcities |access-date=2015-10-17 |date=2007-12-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Valeur |first=Henrik |title=Co-evolution: Danish/Chinese Collaboration on Sustainable Urban Development in China|publisher=Danish Architecture Centre|year= 2006|location= Copenhagen |isbn=978-87-90668-61-7 |page=12}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Valeur |first=Henrik |title=India: the Urban Transition - a Case Study of Development Urbanism |publisher=Architectural Publisher B |year=2014 |isbn=978-87-92700-09-4 |title-link=India: the Urban Transition |page=22}}</ref>
The concept of coevolution was introduced in architecture by the Danish architect-urbanist Henrik Valeur as an antithesis to "star-architecture". As the curator of the Danish Pavilion at the 2006 Venice Biennale of Architecture, he created an exhibition-project on coevolution in urban development in China; it won the Golden Lion for Best National Pavilion.
The concept of coevolution was introduced in architecture by the Danish architect-urbanist Henrik Valeur as an antithesis to "star-architecture". As the curator of the Danish Pavilion at the 2006 Venice Biennale of Architecture, he created an exhibition-project on coevolution in urban development in China; it won the Golden Lion for Best National Pavilion.
共同进化的概念被丹麦建筑师兼城市规划专家亨利克 · 瓦勒尔在建筑学引入，作为“星级建筑”的对立面。作为2006年威尼斯建筑双年展丹麦馆的馆长，他创建了一个关于中国城市发展共同进化的展览项目，并获得了最佳国家馆的金狮奖。
共同进化的概念被丹麦建筑师兼城市规划专家亨利克 · 瓦勒尔在建筑学引入，作为“星建筑”的对立面。作为2006年威尼斯建筑双年展丹麦馆的馆长，他创建了一个关于中国城市发展共同进化的展览项目，并获得了最佳国家馆的金狮奖。
At the School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape, [[Newcastle University]], a coevolutionary approach to architecture has been defined as a design practice that engages students, volunteers and members of the local community in practical, experimental work aimed at "establishing dynamic processes of learning between users and designers."<ref>{{cite journal |last=Farmer |first=Graham |year=2017 |title=From Differentiation to Concretisation: Integrative Experiments in Sustainable Architecture |journal=Societies |volume=3 |issue=35 |page=18 |doi=10.3390/soc7040035 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
At the School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape, [[Newcastle University]], a coevolutionary approach to architecture has been defined as a design practice that engages students, volunteers and members of the local community in practical, experimental work aimed at "establishing dynamic processes of learning between users and designers."<ref>{{cite journal |last=Farmer |first=Graham |year=2017 |title=From Differentiation to Concretisation: Integrative Experiments in Sustainable Architecture |journal=Societies |volume=3 |issue=35 |page=18 |doi=10.3390/soc7040035 |doi-access=free }}</ref>