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{{See also|Synapse}}

{{See also|Synapse}}

[[File:Leg Neural Network.jpg|thumb|Proposed organization of motor-semantic neural circuits for action language comprehension. Gray dots represent areas of language comprehension, creating a network for comprehending all language. The semantic circuit of the motor system, particularly the motor representation of the legs (yellow dots), is incorporated when leg-related words are comprehended. Adapted from Shebani et al. (2013)|链接=Special:FilePath/Leg_Neural_Network.jpg]]

[[File:Leg Neural Network.jpg|thumb|Proposed organization of motor-semantic neural circuits for action language comprehension. Gray dots represent areas of language comprehension, creating a network for comprehending all language. The semantic circuit of the motor system, particularly the motor representation of the legs (yellow dots), is incorporated when leg-related words are comprehended. Adapted from Shebani et al. (2013)|链接=Special:FilePath/Leg_Neural_Network.jpg]]

The connections between neurons in the brain are much more complex than those of the [[artificial neuron]]s used in the [[connectionism|connectionist]] neural computing models of [[artificial neural network]]s. The basic kinds of connections between neurons are [[synapse]]s: both [[chemical synapse|chemical]] and [[electrical synapse]]s.

The connections between neurons in the brain are much more complex than those of the [[artificial neuron]]s used in the [[connectionism|connectionist]] neural computing models of [[artificial neural network]]s. The basic kinds of connections between neurons are [[synapse]]s: both [[chemical synapse|chemical]] and [[electrical synapse]]s.

thumb|Proposed organization of motor-semantic neural circuits for action language comprehension. Gray dots represent areas of language comprehension, creating a network for comprehending all language. The semantic circuit of the motor system, particularly the motor representation of the legs (yellow dots), is incorporated when leg-related words are comprehended. Adapted from Shebani et al. (2013)

Proposed organization of motor-semantic neural circuits for action language comprehension. Gray dots represent areas of language comprehension, creating a network for comprehending all language. The semantic circuit of the motor system, particularly the motor representation of the legs (yellow dots), is incorporated when leg-related words are comprehended. Adapted from Shebani et al. (2013)

= = 神经元之间的连接 = = 拇指 | 动作语言理解的运动语义神经回路的组织。灰点代表语言理解的区域，创造了一个理解所有语言的网络。当理解与腿相关的词语时，运动系统的语义电路，特别是腿的运动表征(黄点)被纳入其中。改编自 Shebani 等人。(2013年)大脑神经元之间的连接比人工神经网络的连接主义神经计算模型中使用的人工神经元要复杂得多。神经元之间的基本连接是突触: 包括化学突触和电突触。

动作语言理解的运动语义神经回路的组织。灰点代表语言理解的区域，创造了一个理解所有语言的网络。当理解与腿相关的词语时，运动系统的语义回路，特别是腿的运动表征(黄点)被纳入其中。改编自 Shebani 等人。(2013)

The establishment of synapses enables the connection of neurons into millions of overlapping, and interlinking neural circuits. Presynaptic proteins called [[neurexin]]s are central to this process.<ref name="Sudhof">{{cite journal |last1=Südhof |first1=TC |title=Synaptic Neurexin Complexes: A Molecular Code for the Logic of Neural Circuits. |journal=Cell |date=2 November 2017 |volume=171 |issue=4 |pages=745–769 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2017.10.024 |pmid=29100073|pmc=5694349 }}</ref>

The establishment of synapses enables the connection of neurons into millions of overlapping, and interlinking neural circuits. Presynaptic proteins called [[neurexin]]s are central to this process.<ref name="Sudhof">{{cite journal |last1=Südhof |first1=TC |title=Synaptic Neurexin Complexes: A Molecular Code for the Logic of Neural Circuits. |journal=Cell |date=2 November 2017 |volume=171 |issue=4 |pages=745–769 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2017.10.024 |pmid=29100073|pmc=5694349 }}</ref>

The establishment of synapses enables the connection of neurons into millions of overlapping, and interlinking neural circuits. Presynaptic proteins called neurexins are central to this process.

The establishment of synapses enables the connection of neurons into millions of overlapping, and interlinking neural circuits. Presynaptic proteins called neurexins are central to this process.

One principle by which neurons work is [[Summation (neurophysiology)|neural summation]] – [[postsynaptic potential|potentials]] at the [[Chemical synapse|postsynaptic membrane]] will sum up in the cell body. If the [[depolarization]] of the neuron at the [[axon hillock]] goes above threshold an action potential will occur that travels down the [[axon]] to the terminal endings to transmit a signal to other neurons. Excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission is realized mostly by [[excitatory postsynaptic potentials]] (EPSPs), and [[inhibitory postsynaptic potentials]] (IPSPs).

One principle by which neurons work is [[Summation (neurophysiology)|neural summation]] – [[postsynaptic potential|potentials]] at the [[Chemical synapse|postsynaptic membrane]] will sum up in the cell body. If the [[depolarization]] of the neuron at the [[axon hillock]] goes above threshold an action potential will occur that travels down the [[axon]] to the terminal endings to transmit a signal to other neurons. Excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission is realized mostly by [[excitatory postsynaptic potentials]] (EPSPs), and [[inhibitory postsynaptic potentials]] (IPSPs).

神经元工作的一个原理是在突触后膜上的神经求和电位将在细胞体内得到总结。如果轴突柄处的神经元去极化超过阈值，就会产生动作电位，沿轴突向下传递到末端末梢，将信号传递给其他神经元。兴奋性和抑制性突触传递主要通过兴奋性突触后电位(epsp)和抑制性突触后电位(ipsp)实现。

神经元工作的一个原理是在突触后膜上的神经求和电位将在细胞体内得到总结。如果轴突柄处的神经元去极化超过阈值，就会产生动作电位，沿轴突向下传递到末端末梢，将信号传递给其他神经元。兴奋性和抑制性突触传递主要通过兴奋性突触后电位(epsp)和抑制性突触后电位(ipsp)实现。

On the [[electrophysiology|electrophysiological]] level, there are various phenomena which alter the response characteristics of individual synapses (called [[synaptic plasticity]]) and individual neurons ([[intrinsic plasticity]]). These are often divided into short-term plasticity and long-term plasticity. Long-term synaptic plasticity is often contended to be the most likely [[memory]] substrate. Usually, the term "[[neuroplasticity]]" refers to changes in the brain that are caused by activity or experience.

On the [[electrophysiology|electrophysiological]] level, there are various phenomena which alter the response characteristics of individual synapses (called [[synaptic plasticity]]) and individual neurons ([[intrinsic plasticity]]). These are often divided into short-term plasticity and long-term plasticity. Long-term synaptic plasticity is often contended to be the most likely [[memory]] substrate. Usually, the term "[[neuroplasticity]]" refers to changes in the brain that are caused by activity or experience.

在电生理层面，有各种现象改变个体突触(称为突触可塑性)和个体神经元的反应特性(内在可塑性)。这些常常分为短期可塑性和长期可塑性。长期突触可塑性是最有可能的记忆基质。通常，术语“神经可塑性”指的是由活动或经验引起的大脑变化。

在电生理层面，有各种现象改变个体突触(称为突触可塑性)和个体神经元的反应特性(内在可塑性)。这些常常分为短期可塑性和长期可塑性。长期突触可塑性是最有可能的记忆基质。通常，术语“神经可塑性”指的是由活动或经验引起的大脑变化。

Connections display temporal and spatial characteristics. Temporal characteristics refers to the continuously modified activity-dependent efficacy of synaptic transmission, called [[spike-timing-dependent plasticity]]. It has been observed in several studies that the synaptic efficacy of this transmission can undergo short-term increase (called [[neural facilitation|facilitation]]) or decrease ([[Neural facilitation#Short-term depression|depression]]) according to the activity of the presynaptic neuron. The induction of long-term changes in synaptic efficacy, by [[long-term potentiation]] (LTP) or [[long-term depression|depression]] (LTD), depends strongly on the relative timing of the onset of the [[excitatory postsynaptic potential]] and the postsynaptic action potential. LTP is induced by a series of action potentials which cause a variety of biochemical responses. Eventually, the reactions cause the expression of new receptors on the cellular membranes of the postsynaptic neurons or increase the efficacy of the existing receptors through [[phosphorylation]].

Connections display temporal and spatial characteristics. Temporal characteristics refers to the continuously modified activity-dependent efficacy of synaptic transmission, called [[spike-timing-dependent plasticity]]. It has been observed in several studies that the synaptic efficacy of this transmission can undergo short-term increase (called [[neural facilitation|facilitation]]) or decrease ([[Neural facilitation#Short-term depression|depression]]) according to the activity of the presynaptic neuron. The induction of long-term changes in synaptic efficacy, by [[long-term potentiation]] (LTP) or [[long-term depression|depression]] (LTD), depends strongly on the relative timing of the onset of the [[excitatory postsynaptic potential]] and the postsynaptic action potential. LTP is induced by a series of action potentials which cause a variety of biochemical responses. Eventually, the reactions cause the expression of new receptors on the cellular membranes of the postsynaptic neurons or increase the efficacy of the existing receptors through [[phosphorylation]].