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'''Sander Greenland''' (born January 16, 1951) is an American [[statistician]] and [[epidemiologist]] with many contributions to statistical and epidemiologic methods including [[Bayesian]] and [[causality|causal inference]], bias analysis, and [[meta-analysis]]. His focus has been the extensions, limitations, and misuses of statistical methods in nonexperimental studies, especially in postmarketing surveillance of drugs, vaccines, and medical devices. He received honors Bachelor's and Master's degrees in Mathematics from the [[University of California, Berkeley]], where he was Regent's and National Science Foundation Fellow in Mathematics, and then received Master's and Doctoral degrees in Epidemiology from the [[University of California, Los Angeles]] (UCLA), where he was Regent's Fellow in Epidemiology. After serving as an Assistant Professor of Biostatistics at Harvard, he joined the UCLA Epidemiology faculty in 1980 where he became Professor of Epidemiology in the Fielding School of Public Health in 1989, and Professor of Statistics in the UCLA College of Letters and Science in 1999. He moved to Emeritus status in 2012 and the following year he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Medicine by the University of Aarhus, Denmark.

'''Sander Greenland''' (born January 16, 1951) is an American [[statistician]] and [[epidemiologist]] with many contributions to statistical and epidemiologic methods including [[Bayesian]] and [[causality|causal inference]], bias analysis, and [[meta-analysis]]. His focus has been the extensions, limitations, and misuses of statistical methods in nonexperimental studies, especially in postmarketing surveillance of drugs, vaccines, and medical devices. He received honors Bachelor's and Master's degrees in Mathematics from the [[University of California, Berkeley]], where he was Regent's and National Science Foundation Fellow in Mathematics, and then received Master's and Doctoral degrees in Epidemiology from the [[University of California, Los Angeles]] (UCLA), where he was Regent's Fellow in Epidemiology. After serving as an Assistant Professor of Biostatistics at Harvard, he joined the UCLA Epidemiology faculty in 1980 where he became Professor of Epidemiology in the Fielding School of Public Health in 1989, and Professor of Statistics in the UCLA College of Letters and Science in 1999. He moved to Emeritus status in 2012 and the following year he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Medicine by the University of Aarhus, Denmark.

【终译】桑德 格陵兰（出生于1951年1月16日）是美国统计学家及流行病学家，对统计学与流行病学方面做出了诸多贡献，如贝叶斯与因果推断、偏差分析和元分析。他的研究聚焦于非实验性研究中统计方法的拓展、局限和滥用，尤其是在药品、疫苗和医疗设备的售后监测等环节。他在加州大学伯克利分校获得数学学士和硕士学位，并成为该校数学系的评议员及国家科学基金会数学研究员，之后更是获得了加州大学洛杉矶分校的流行病学硕士和博士学位，并成为流行病学系的评议员。在结束哈佛大学生物统计系助理教授的任期后，他于1980年加入加州大学洛杉矶分校的流行病学系，并在1989年成为菲尔丁公共卫生学院流行病学教授，在1999年成为加州大学洛杉矶分校文理学院的统计学教授。2012年，转为名誉教授，次年被授予丹麦奥胡斯大学荣誉医学博士称号。

【终译】桑德 格陵兰（出生于1951年1月16日）是美国统计学家及流行病学家，对统计学与流行病学方面做出了诸多贡献，如贝叶斯与因果推断、偏差分析和元分析。他的研究聚焦于非实验性研究中统计方法的拓展、局限和滥用，尤其是在药品、疫苗和医疗设备的售后监测等环节。他在加州大学伯克利分校获得数学学士和硕士学位，并成为该校数学系的评议员及国家科学基金会数学研究员，之后更是获得了加州大学洛杉矶分校的流行病学硕士和博士学位，并成为流行病学系的评议员。在结束哈佛大学生物统计系助理教授的任期后，他于1980年加入加州大学洛杉矶分校的流行病学系，并在1989年成为菲尔丁公共卫生学院流行病学教授，在1999年成为加州大学洛杉矶分校文理学院的统计学教授。2012年，转为名誉教授，次年被授予丹麦奥胡斯大学荣誉医学博士称号。

Dr. Greenland has published over 400 scientific papers and book chapters, over a dozen of which have been cited over a thousand times and several over two thousand times, including<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |author=Greenland, S. | title = Modeling and variable selection in epidemiologic analysis | journal = American Journal of Public Health | volume = 79 | issue = 3 | pages = 340–9 | date = March 1989 | pmid = 2916724 | pmc = 1349563 | doi = 10.2105/AJPH.79.3.340 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Greenland|first1=Sander|last2=Pearl|first2=Judea|last3=Robins|first3=James M.|date=January 1999|title=Causal Diagrams for Epidemiologic Research|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001648-199901000-00008|journal=Epidemiology|volume=10|issue=1|pages=37–48|doi=10.1097/00001648-199901000-00008|pmid=9888278|issn=1044-3983}}</ref> and one of which was chosen as a discussion paper by the Royal Statistical Society.<ref name=":2">{{cite journal |author=Greenland, S. | date =  January 1, 2005 | title = Multiple-bias modeling for analysis of observational data (with discussion) | journal = Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (Statistics in Society) | volume = 168 | issue = 2 | pages = 267–308 | doi=10.1111/j.1467-985x.2004.00349.x | doi-access = free }}</ref> He is the co-author of a leading advanced textbook on epidemiology (currently in its 3rd edition<ref name=":3">{{cite book |author=Rothman, K. J. |author2=Greenland, S. |author3=Lash, T. L. | year = 2008

Dr. Greenland has published over 400 scientific papers and book chapters, over a dozen of which have been cited over a thousand times and several over two thousand times, including<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |author=Greenland, S. | title = Modeling and variable selection in epidemiologic analysis | journal = American Journal of Public Health | volume = 79 | issue = 3 | pages = 340–9 | date = March 1989 | pmid = 2916724 | pmc = 1349563 | doi = 10.2105/AJPH.79.3.340 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Greenland|first1=Sander|last2=Pearl|first2=Judea|last3=Robins|first3=James M.|date=January 1999|title=Causal Diagrams for Epidemiologic Research|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001648-199901000-00008|journal=Epidemiology|volume=10|issue=1|pages=37–48|doi=10.1097/00001648-199901000-00008|pmid=9888278|issn=1044-3983}}</ref> and one of which was chosen as a discussion paper by the Royal Statistical Society.<ref name=":2">{{cite journal |author=Greenland, S. | date =  January 1, 2005 | title = Multiple-bias modeling for analysis of observational data (with discussion) | journal = Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (Statistics in Society) | volume = 168 | issue = 2 | pages = 267–308 | doi=10.1111/j.1467-985x.2004.00349.x | doi-access = free }}</ref> He is the co-author of a leading advanced textbook on epidemiology (currently in its 3rd edition<ref name=":3">{{cite book |author=Rothman, K. J. |author2=Greenland, S. |author3=Lash, T. L. | year = 2008

  | title = Modern Epidemiology | publisher = Lippincott Williams & Wilkins | isbn = 978-0-7817-5564-1 | edition = 3rd }}</ref>). He was made a Fellow of the [[Royal Statistical Society]] in 1993 and a [[American Statistical Association#Fellowship|Fellow of the American Statistical Association]] in 1998,<ref name=":4">{{cite web|url=http://www.amstat.org/careers/fellowslist.cfm|title=ASA Fellows|publisher=American Statistical Association|access-date=2011-02-15}}</ref> and has received numerous teaching and service awards. He has been an invited lecturer at over 200 scientific institutions worldwide including Harvard, Oxford, Cambridge, Columbia, Stanford, Yale, and Erasmus universities, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the National Institutes of Health, the Santa Fe Institute, and the Karolinska Institute in Sweden. He has also served as a consultant to U.S. governmental agencies including the National Academy of Sciences, the Food and Drug Administration, the Centers for Disease Control, and the Environmental Protection Agency, as well the [[World Health Organization]]. He has further served as an editor for statistical and epidemiologic journals and books including the Dictionary of Epidemiology sponsored by the [[International Epidemiological Association]].<ref name=":5">{{cite book | editor-link1 = Miquel Porta |editor=Porta, M. |editor2=Greenland, S. |editor3=Hernán, M. |editor4=dos Santos Silva, I. |editor5=Last, J. M. | date = 2014 | url = http://global.oup.com/academic/product/a-dictionary-of-epidemiology-9780199976737?cc=us&lang=en | title = A Dictionary of Epidemiology | edition = 6th | location = New York | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 9780199976737 }}</ref>

  | title = Modern Epidemiology | publisher = Lippincott Williams & Wilkins | isbn = 978-0-7817-5564-1 | edition = 3rd }}</ref>). He was made a Fellow of the [[Royal Statistical Society]] in 1993 and a [[American Statistical Association#Fellowship|Fellow of the American Statistical Association]] in 1998,<ref name=":4">{{cite web|url=http://www.amstat.org/careers/fellowslist.cfm|title=ASA Fellows|publisher=American Statistical Association|access-date=2011-02-15}}</ref> and has received numerous teaching and service awards. He has been an invited lecturer at over 200 scientific institutions worldwide including Harvard, Oxford, Cambridge, Columbia, Stanford, Yale, and Erasmus universities, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the National Institutes of Health, the Santa Fe Institute, and the Karolinska Institute in Sweden. He has also served as a consultant to U.S. governmental agencies including the National Academy of Sciences, the Food and Drug Administration, the Centers for Disease Control, and the Environmental Protection Agency, as well the [[World Health Organization]]. He has further served as an editor for statistical and epidemiologic journals and books including the Dictionary of Epidemiology sponsored by the [[International Epidemiological Association]].<ref name=":5">{{cite book | editor-link1 = Miquel Porta |editor=Porta, M. |editor2=Greenland, S. |editor3=Hernán, M. |editor4=dos Santos Silva, I. |editor5=Last, J. M. | date = 2014 | url = http://global.oup.com/academic/product/a-dictionary-of-epidemiology-9780199976737?cc=us&lang=en | title = A Dictionary of Epidemiology | edition = 6th | location = New York | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 9780199976737 }}</ref>

【终译】格陵兰博士发表了400多篇学术论文及著作，有十几篇学术论文被引用一千多次<ref name=":0" />，有几篇更是被引用多达两千多次<ref name=":1" />，其中一篇被英国皇家统计学会列为讨论文件<ref name=":2" />。他是一本流行病学高级教科书（目前已出版第三版<ref name=":3" />）的合著者。他于1993年成为英国皇家统计学会会员，1998年成为美国统计协会会员<ref name=":4" />，并获得多项教学和服务奖。他曾应邀在全球200多所科研机构担任讲师，包括哈佛大学、牛津大学、剑桥大学、哥伦比亚大学、斯坦福大学、耶鲁大学、伊拉斯姆斯大学、麻省理工学院、美国国立卫生研究院、圣菲研究所和瑞典卡罗琳学院。他还担任美国政府机构的顾问，包括美国国家科学院、食品和药物管理局、疾病控制中心、环境保护局以及世界卫生组织。他还担任统计和流行病学期刊和书籍的编辑，包括国际流行病学协会主办的《流行病学词典》<ref name=":5" />

【终译】格陵兰博士发表了400多篇学术论文及著作，有十几篇学术论文被引用一千多次<ref name=":0" />，有几篇更是被引用多达两千多次<ref name=":1" />，其中一篇被英国皇家统计学会列为讨论文件<ref name=":2" />。他是一本流行病学高级教科书（目前已出版第三版<ref name=":3" />）的合著者。他于1993年成为英国皇家统计学会会员，1998年成为美国统计协会会员<ref name=":4" />，并获得多项教学和服务奖。他曾应邀在全球200多所科研机构担任讲师，包括哈佛大学、牛津大学、剑桥大学、哥伦比亚大学、斯坦福大学、耶鲁大学、伊拉斯姆斯大学、麻省理工学院、美国国立卫生研究院、圣菲研究所和瑞典卡罗琳学院。他还担任美国政府机构的顾问，包括美国国家科学院、食品和药物管理局、疾病控制中心、环境保护局以及世界卫生组织。他还担任统计和流行病学期刊和书籍的编辑，包括国际流行病学协会主办的《流行病学词典》<ref name=":5" />

He is a leading critic of arbitrary [[statistical significance|significance thresholds]] in science<ref name=":6">{{cite journal |author=Amrhein, V. |author2=Greenland, S. |author3=McShane, B. | title = Scientists rise up against statistical significance | journal = Nature | volume = 567 | issue = 7748 | pages = 305–307 | date = March 2019 | pmid = 30894741 | doi = 10.1038/d41586-019-00857-9 | s2cid = 84186074 | bibcode = 2019Natur.567..305A | author1-link = Valentin Amrhein | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name=":7">{{cite journal |author=Amrhein, V. |author2=Greenland, S. | title = Remove, rather than redefine, statistical significance | journal = Nature Human Behaviour | volume = 2 | issue = 1 | pages = 4 | date = January 2018 | pmid = 30980046 | doi = 10.1038/s41562-017-0224-0 | s2cid = 46814177 | author1-link = Valentin Amrhein }}</ref><ref name=":8">{{cite web|title="Abandon / Retire Statistical Significance": Your chance to sign a petition!|url=https://statmodeling.stat.columbia.edu/2019/03/05/abandon-retire-statistical-significance-your-chance-to-sign-a-petition/|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{cite journal |author=Rafi, Z |author2=Greenland, S | title = Semantic and cognitive tools to aid statistical science: replace confidence and significance by compatibility and surprise | journal = BMC Medical Research Methodology | volume = 20 | issue = 1 | pages = 244 | date = September 2020 | pmid = 32998683 | pmc = 7528258 | doi = 10.1186/s12874-020-01105-9 |arxiv=1909.08579 }}</ref> and has drawn attention to [[misunderstandings of p-values]].<ref name=":10">{{cite journal |author=Greenland, S. |author2=Senn, S. J. |author3=Rothman, K. J. |author4=Carlin, J. B. |author5=Poole, C. |author6=Goodman, S. N. |author7=Altman, D. G. | title = Statistical tests, P values, confidence intervals, and power: a guide to misinterpretations | journal = European Journal of Epidemiology | volume = 31 | issue = 4 | pages = 337–50 | date = April 2016 | pmid = 27209009 | pmc = 4877414 | doi = 10.1007/s10654-016-0149-3 }}</ref>

He is a leading critic of arbitrary [[statistical significance|significance thresholds]] in science<ref name=":6">{{cite journal |author=Amrhein, V. |author2=Greenland, S. |author3=McShane, B. | title = Scientists rise up against statistical significance | journal = Nature | volume = 567 | issue = 7748 | pages = 305–307 | date = March 2019 | pmid = 30894741 | doi = 10.1038/d41586-019-00857-9 | s2cid = 84186074 | bibcode = 2019Natur.567..305A | author1-link = Valentin Amrhein | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name=":7">{{cite journal |author=Amrhein, V. |author2=Greenland, S. | title = Remove, rather than redefine, statistical significance | journal = Nature Human Behaviour | volume = 2 | issue = 1 | pages = 4 | date = January 2018 | pmid = 30980046 | doi = 10.1038/s41562-017-0224-0 | s2cid = 46814177 | author1-link = Valentin Amrhein }}</ref><ref name=":8">{{cite web|title="Abandon / Retire Statistical Significance": Your chance to sign a petition!|url=https://statmodeling.stat.columbia.edu/2019/03/05/abandon-retire-statistical-significance-your-chance-to-sign-a-petition/|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{cite journal |author=Rafi, Z |author2=Greenland, S | title = Semantic and cognitive tools to aid statistical science: replace confidence and significance by compatibility and surprise | journal = BMC Medical Research Methodology | volume = 20 | issue = 1 | pages = 244 | date = September 2020 | pmid = 32998683 | pmc = 7528258 | doi = 10.1186/s12874-020-01105-9 |arxiv=1909.08579 }}</ref> and has drawn attention to [[misunderstandings of p-values]].<ref name=":10">{{cite journal |author=Greenland, S. |author2=Senn, S. J. |author3=Rothman, K. J. |author4=Carlin, J. B. |author5=Poole, C. |author6=Goodman, S. N. |author7=Altman, D. G. | title = Statistical tests, P values, confidence intervals, and power: a guide to misinterpretations | journal = European Journal of Epidemiology | volume = 31 | issue = 4 | pages = 337–50 | date = April 2016 | pmid = 27209009 | pmc = 4877414 | doi = 10.1007/s10654-016-0149-3 }}</ref>

【终译】他是统计科学中随机显著性阈值的一名主要评论家<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" />，他阐述了对关于p值误导性的一些批评，并利用S值解决了相关问题。<ref name=":10" />

【终译】他是统计科学中随机显著性阈值的一名主要评论家<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" />，他阐述了对关于p值误导性的一些批评，并利用S值解决了相关问题。<ref name=":10" />