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它们也可以被来自环境的输入和机体其他部分释放的激素所调控，<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Levitan |first1=Irwin B. |last2=Kaczmarek |first2=Leonard K. |title=Electrical Signaling in Neurons |doi=10.1093/med/9780199773893.001.0001/med-9780199773893-chapter-3 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> 这些都可以或多或少地被神经元直接影响。这也适用于神经营养素，如BDNF。肠道微生物组也与大脑有关。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=O’Leary |first1=Olivia F. |last2=Ogbonnaya |first2=Ebere S. |last3=Felice |first3=Daniela |last4=Levone |first4=Brunno R. |last5=C. Conroy |first5=Lorraine |last6=Fitzgerald |first6=Patrick |last7=Bravo |first7=Javier A. |last8=Forsythe |first8=Paul |last9=Bienenstock |first9=John |last10=Dinan |first10=Timothy G. |last11=Cryan |first11=John F. |title=The vagus nerve modulates BDNF expression and neurogenesis in the hippocampus |journal=European Neuropsychopharmacology |date=1 February 2018 |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=307–316 |doi=10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.12.004 |language=en |issn=0924-977X}}</ref>
它们也可以被来自环境的输入和机体其他部分释放的激素所调控，<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Levitan |first1=Irwin B. |last2=Kaczmarek |first2=Leonard K. |title=Electrical Signaling in Neurons |doi=10.1093/med/9780199773893.001.0001/med-9780199773893-chapter-3 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> 这些都可以或多或少地被神经元直接影响。这也适用于神经营养素，如BDNF。肠道微生物组也与大脑有关。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=O’Leary |first1=Olivia F. |last2=Ogbonnaya |first2=Ebere S. |last3=Felice |first3=Daniela |last4=Levone |first4=Brunno R. |last5=C. Conroy |first5=Lorraine |last6=Fitzgerald |first6=Patrick |last7=Bravo |first7=Javier A. |last8=Forsythe |first8=Paul |last9=Bienenstock |first9=John |last10=Dinan |first10=Timothy G. |last11=Cryan |first11=John F. |title=The vagus nerve modulates BDNF expression and neurogenesis in the hippocampus |journal=European Neuropsychopharmacology |date=1 February 2018 |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=307–316 |doi=10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.12.004 |language=en |issn=0924-977X}}</ref>
==动作电位的传播机制==
==动作电位的传播机制==