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第37行： − + − == E/I平衡的间接证据 == 第100行：
第99行： − + − == 兴奋性和抑制性突触输入的细胞内测量 == 第133行：
第131行： − + − == 皮质兴奋的选择性和对感觉刺激的抑制 == 第217行：
第214行： − + − == 感觉诱发电能和抑制的时间结构 == 第285行：
第281行： − + − == 自发活动期间的 E/I 平衡 == 第369行：
第364行： − + − == 当前研究方向 == 第385行：
第379行： − + − ==== E/I 在大脑状态之间保持平衡 ==== 第425行：
第418行： − + − ==== 中间神经元等级和 E/I 平衡 ==== 第497行：
第489行： − + − == 结论 ==
无编辑摘要
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== Indirect evidence for E/I balance ==
== Indirect evidence for E/I balance E/I平衡的间接证据 ==
Cortical neurons receive synaptic inputs from thousands of other, mainly excitatory, neurons, most of which evoke only a sub-millivolt response (Bruno and Sakmann, 2006; Lefort et al., 2009).
Cortical neurons receive synaptic inputs from thousands of other, mainly excitatory, neurons, most of which evoke only a sub-millivolt response (Bruno and Sakmann, 2006; Lefort et al., 2009).
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== Intracellular measurement of the excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs ==
== Intracellular measurement of the excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs 兴奋性和抑制性突触输入的细胞内测量 ==
In a pioneering study, Borg-Graham and colleagues used intracellular recordings to directly estimate the synaptic conductance changes evoked in cortical neurons by visual stimulation (Borg-Graham et al., 1996, 1998).
In a pioneering study, Borg-Graham and colleagues used intracellular recordings to directly estimate the synaptic conductance changes evoked in cortical neurons by visual stimulation (Borg-Graham et al., 1996, 1998).
欲深入了解该方法及其注意事项，请参考（Monier等人，2008）。
欲深入了解该方法及其注意事项，请参考（Monier等人，2008）。
== Selectivity of cortical excitation and inhibition to sensory stimulation ==
== Selectivity of cortical excitation and inhibition to sensory stimulation 皮质兴奋的选择性和对感觉刺激的抑制 ==
Early models of the visual cortex suggested that the selectivity of cortical cells to sensory stimulation emerges from feedforward inputs.
Early models of the visual cortex suggested that the selectivity of cortical cells to sensory stimulation emerges from feedforward inputs.
== Temporal structure of sensory evoked excitation and inhibition ==
== Temporal structure of sensory evoked excitation and inhibition 感觉诱发电能和抑制的时间结构 ==
In the auditory and somatosensory cortices sensory stimulation often evokes stereotypic sequence of excitation followed within a few milliseconds by inhibition (Wehr and Zador, 2003; Higley and Contreras, 2006).
In the auditory and somatosensory cortices sensory stimulation often evokes stereotypic sequence of excitation followed within a few milliseconds by inhibition (Wehr and Zador, 2003; Higley and Contreras, 2006).
== E/I balance during spontaneous activity ==
== E/I balance during spontaneous activity 自发活动期间的 E/I 平衡 ==
Under some anesthesia conditions and during slow wave sleep, the membrane potential of cortical neurons fluctuates between a depolarized state and hyperpolarized state.
Under some anesthesia conditions and during slow wave sleep, the membrane potential of cortical neurons fluctuates between a depolarized state and hyperpolarized state.
== Current research directions ==
== Current research directions 当前研究方向 ==
In the recent years a whole range of new genetic tools became available, particularly for the mouse (''Mus musculus'') species.
In the recent years a whole range of new genetic tools became available, particularly for the mouse (''Mus musculus'') species.
=== E/I balance across brain states ===
=== E/I balance across brain states E/I 在大脑状态之间保持平衡 ===
To date, only few works investigated how brain state modulation affects E/I balance.
To date, only few works investigated how brain state modulation affects E/I balance.
=== Interneuron classes and the E/I balance ===
=== Interneuron classes and the E/I balance 中间神经元等级和 E/I 平衡 ===
In spite of constituting a minority, inhibitory interneurons in the cortex are vastly more diverse than the excitatory cells, with large variety of dendritic and axonal arborization patterns (Ramon Y Cajal, 1911; Jones 1975).
In spite of constituting a minority, inhibitory interneurons in the cortex are vastly more diverse than the excitatory cells, with large variety of dendritic and axonal arborization patterns (Ramon Y Cajal, 1911; Jones 1975).
== Conclusions ==
== Conclusions 结论 ==
The available data, collected under a wide variety of conditions and in distinct cortical areas indicates that co-activation of inhibition and excitation is a basic functional principle underlying various cortical activities (Isaacson and Scanziani, 2011).
The available data, collected under a wide variety of conditions and in distinct cortical areas indicates that co-activation of inhibition and excitation is a basic functional principle underlying various cortical activities (Isaacson and Scanziani, 2011).