| [[涌现]]现象与因果关系紧密相连。一方面,[[涌现]]现象是系统内部各元素间复杂非线性相互作用的结果;另一方面,这些[[涌现]]的特性又会对系统中的个体产生影响。[[因果涌现]]这个概念最早由Erik Hoel正式提出并定义,即[[因果涌现]]描述了宏观层面相对于微观层面在[[因果效应]]上的可能会增强这一现象,这揭示了同一个系统在宏观与微观两种尺度之间的差异和联系。 | | [[涌现]]现象与因果关系紧密相连。一方面,[[涌现]]现象是系统内部各元素间复杂非线性相互作用的结果;另一方面,这些[[涌现]]的特性又会对系统中的个体产生影响。[[因果涌现]]这个概念最早由Erik Hoel正式提出并定义,即[[因果涌现]]描述了宏观层面相对于微观层面在[[因果效应]]上的可能会增强这一现象,这揭示了同一个系统在宏观与微观两种尺度之间的差异和联系。 |
| 目前,关于如何定义[[因果涌现]],有四个主要代表,分别是:①Hoel等基于[[有效信息]]的[[因果涌现]]理论<ref name=":8">Hoel E P, Albantakis L, Tononi G. Quantifying causal emergence shows that macro can beat micro[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2013, 110(49): 19790-19795.</ref><ref name=":9">Hoel E P. When the map is better than the territory[J]. Entropy, 2017, 19(5): 188.</ref>、②Rosas等基于[[整合信息分解]]的因果涌现理论<ref name=":0">Rosas F E, Mediano P A, Jensen H J, et al. Reconciling emergences: An information-theoretic approach to identify causal emergence in multivariate data[J]. PLoS computational biology, 2020, 16(12): e1008289.</ref>、③张江等人基于奇异值分解的因果涌现理论<ref>Zhang J, Tao R, Yuan B. Dynamical Reversibility and A New Theory of Causal Emergence. arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.15054. 2024 Feb 23.</ref>、④Barnett等的基于动力学解耦的涌现理论<ref name=":10">Barnett L, Seth AK. Dynamical independence: discovering emergent macroscopic processes in complex dynamical systems. Physical Review E. 2023 Jul;108(1):014304.</ref>。 | | 目前,关于如何定义[[因果涌现]],有四个主要代表,分别是:①Hoel等基于[[有效信息]]的[[因果涌现]]理论<ref name=":8">Hoel E P, Albantakis L, Tononi G. Quantifying causal emergence shows that macro can beat micro[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2013, 110(49): 19790-19795.</ref><ref name=":9">Hoel E P. When the map is better than the territory[J]. Entropy, 2017, 19(5): 188.</ref>、②Rosas等基于[[整合信息分解]]的因果涌现理论<ref name=":0">Rosas F E, Mediano P A, Jensen H J, et al. Reconciling emergences: An information-theoretic approach to identify causal emergence in multivariate data[J]. PLoS computational biology, 2020, 16(12): e1008289.</ref>、③张江等人基于奇异值分解的因果涌现理论<ref>Zhang J, Tao R, Yuan B. Dynamical Reversibility and A New Theory of Causal Emergence. arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.15054. 2024 Feb 23.</ref>、④Barnett等的基于动力学解耦的涌现理论<ref name=":10">Barnett L, Seth AK. Dynamical independence: discovering emergent macroscopic processes in complex dynamical systems. Physical Review E. 2023 Jul;108(1):014304.</ref>。 |
− | 识别出复杂系统中的因果涌现,一方面可以节约预测成本,增强预测效果,尤其是泛化效果;一方面也可以诱导或者预防涌现的发生。在实际应用中,一些微观数据难以捕捉,我们往往只能收集到观测数据,并且,无法得到系统的真实动力学。因此,从可观测数据中识别系统中因果涌现的发生是一个关键的问题。近年来,基于神经网络的机器学习方法取得了突破性进展<ref>Vlachas P-R, Arampatzis G and Uhler C et al. Multiscale simulations of complex systems by learning their effective dynamics. Nat Mach Intell 2022; 4: 359–366.</ref><ref>Kemeth F-P, Bertalan T and Thiem T et al. Learning emergent partial differential equations in a learned emergent space. Nat Commun 2022; 13: 3318.</ref><ref>Floryan D and Graham M-D. Data-driven discovery of intrinsic dynamics. Nat Mach Intell 2022; 4: 1113–1120.</ref><ref>Cai L and Ji S. A multi-scale approach for graph link prediction. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, New York, 20-27 February 2020.</ref><ref>Chen Z, Li S and Yang B et al. Multi-scale spatial temporal graph convolutional network for skeleton-based action recognition. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, New York, 22 February - 1 March 2022.</ref>,借助此方法,以数据驱动的方式自主发现复杂系统的因果关系甚至动力学成为可能。此外,机器学习和神经网络还可以帮助我们找到更好的粗粒化策略、从数据中发现宏观层面的因果关系。
| + | 识别出复杂系统中的因果涌现,一方面可以节约预测成本,增强预测效果,尤其是泛化效果;另一方面也可能诱导或者预防涌现的发生。在实际应用中,一些微观数据难以捕捉,我们往往只能收集到观测数据,并推断系统的真实动力学。因此,从可观测数据中识别系统中因果涌现的发生是一个关键的问题。近年来,基于神经网络的机器学习方法取得了突破性进展<ref>Vlachas P-R, Arampatzis G and Uhler C et al. Multiscale simulations of complex systems by learning their effective dynamics. Nat Mach Intell 2022; 4: 359–366.</ref><ref>Kemeth F-P, Bertalan T and Thiem T et al. Learning emergent partial differential equations in a learned emergent space. Nat Commun 2022; 13: 3318.</ref><ref>Floryan D and Graham M-D. Data-driven discovery of intrinsic dynamics. Nat Mach Intell 2022; 4: 1113–1120.</ref><ref>Cai L and Ji S. A multi-scale approach for graph link prediction. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, New York, 20-27 February 2020.</ref><ref>Chen Z, Li S and Yang B et al. Multi-scale spatial temporal graph convolutional network for skeleton-based action recognition. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, New York, 22 February - 1 March 2022.</ref>,借助此方法,以数据驱动的方式自主发现复杂系统的因果关系甚至动力学成为可能。此外,机器学习和神经网络还可以帮助我们找到更好的粗粒化策略、从数据中发现宏观层面的因果关系。 |