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'''Computational social science''' refers to '''the academic sub-disciplines concerned''' with computational approaches to the [[social science]]s. This means that computers are used to model, simulate, and analyze social phenomena.  Fields include [[computational economics]], [[computational sociology]], [[cliodynamics]], [[culturomics]],  and the automated analysis of contents, in social and traditional media. It focuses on investigating social and behavioral relationships and interactions through [[social simulation]], modeling, network analysis, and media analysis.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://computationalsocialscience.org/|title=The Computational Social Science Society of the Americas official website}}</ref>
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计算社会科学(Computational Social Science)是一门融合社会科学、数据科学和统计学等学科的新兴交叉学科,强调用大数据的方式来研究社会科学中的核心问题,是社会科学在大数据时代下发展的产物。领域包括计算经济学、计算社会学、动态学、文化学以及社交和传统媒体的内容自动分析。它着重于通过社会模拟、建模、网络分析和媒体分析来调查社会和行为关系和互动。<ref>{{cite web|url=https://computationalsocialscience.org/|title=The Computational Social Science Society of the Americas official website}}</ref>
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Computational social science refers to the academic sub-disciplines concerned with computational approaches to the social sciences. This means that computers are used to model, simulate, and analyze social phenomena.  Fields include computational economics, computational sociology, cliodynamics, culturomics,  and the automated analysis of contents, in social and traditional media. It focuses on investigating social and behavioral relationships and interactions through social simulation, modeling, network analysis, and media analysis.
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计算社会科学是指与社会科学计算方法有关的学术分支学科。这意味着计算机被用来建模、模拟和分析社会现象。领域包括计算经济学、计算社会学、动态学、文化学以及社交和传统媒体的内容自动分析。它着重于通过社会模拟、建模、网络分析和媒体分析来调查社会和行为关系和互动。
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== Definitions ==
      
== 定义 ==
 
== 定义 ==
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定义
      
There are two terminologies that relate to each other: '''Social Science Computing (SSC) and Computational Social Science (CSS)'''. In literature, CSS is referred to the field of social science that uses the computational approaches in studying the social phenomena.
 
There are two terminologies that relate to each other: '''Social Science Computing (SSC) and Computational Social Science (CSS)'''. In literature, CSS is referred to the field of social science that uses the computational approaches in studying the social phenomena.
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There are two terminologies that relate to each other: Social Science Computing (SSC) and Computational Social Science (CSS). In literature, CSS is referred to the field of social science that uses the computational approaches in studying the social phenomena.
 
There are two terminologies that relate to each other: Social Science Computing (SSC) and Computational Social Science (CSS). In literature, CSS is referred to the field of social science that uses the computational approaches in studying the social phenomena.
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有两个相互关联的术语: 社会科学计算(SSC)和计算社会科学(CSS)。在文献中,CSS 指的是社会科学领域,它使用计算方法来研究社会现象。
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有两个相互关联的术语: 社会科学计算(SSC)和计算社会科学(CSS)
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在文献中,计算社会科学指的是社会科学领域,它使用计算方法来研究社会现象。
    
On the other hand, SSC is the field in which computational methodologies are created to assist in explanations of social phenomena.
 
On the other hand, SSC is the field in which computational methodologies are created to assist in explanations of social phenomena.
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On the other hand, SSC is the field in which computational methodologies are created to assist in explanations of social phenomena.
 
On the other hand, SSC is the field in which computational methodologies are created to assist in explanations of social phenomena.
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另一方面,南南合作是一个领域,其中计算方法创建,以协助解释社会现象。
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另一方面,社会科学计算是一个领域,其中计算方法创建,以协助解释社会现象。
 
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Computational social science work increasingly relies on the greater availability of large databases, currently constructed and maintained by a number of interdisciplinary projects, including:
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Computational social science work increasingly relies on the greater availability of large databases, currently constructed and maintained by a number of interdisciplinary projects, including:
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== 发展历史 ==
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计算社会科学工作越来越依赖于大型数据库的更大可用性,这些数据库目前由一些跨学科项目建立和维护,包括:
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计算社会科学的产生并非突然出现,而是在技术发展下催生出来的跨学科研究。如果大致来分,可以分为4个阶段来看计算社会科学的演化进程。
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* The [[Seshat (project)|Seshat: Global History Databank]], which systematically collects state-of-the-art accounts of the political and social organization of human groups and how societies have evolved through time into an authoritative [http://www.seshatdatabank.info ''databank''].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Turchin|first1=Peter|last2=Brennan|first2=Rob|last3=Currie|first3=Thomas E.|last4=Feeney|first4=Kevin C.|last5=Francois|first5=Pieter|last6=Hoyer|first6=Daniel|last7=Manning|first7=J. G.|last8=Marciniak|first8=Arkadiusz|last9=Mullins|first9=Daniel|last10=Palmisano|first10=Alessio|last11=Peregrine|first11=Peter|last12=Turner|first12=Edward A. L.|last13=Whitehouse|first13=Harvey|title=Seshat: The Global History Databank|journal=Cliodynamics|date=2015|volume=6|page=77|url=https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt9qx38718/qt9qx38718.pdf}} https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9qx38718</ref> Seshat is affiliated also with the [[Evolution Institute]], a non-profit think-tank that "uses evolutionary science to solve real-world problems."
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1、计算社会科学的源头
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计算社会科学是一个较现代的学科,最远可以追溯到20世纪中后期电脑刚刚发明的时候,在20世纪60年代,社会科学家开始使用电脑进行统计数据分析,出现了计算社会科学的第一代创始人:Herbert A. Simon(1916-2001)、Karl W.Deutsch(1912-1992)、Harold Guetzkow(1915-2008)、Thomas C. Schelling(1921)、他们更偏向计算社会科学理论方面的研究。
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2、计算社会科学的蓄势
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传统的定量的社会科学分析方法,偏向于统计分析的方法,但是社会系统作为一个复杂的系统,涉及到大量(但个数仍有限)的异构实体的相互作用,这些是用简单的统计分析是无法精确刻画的,而19世纪末网络科学迅速发展为社会分析提供了强有力的分析手段。
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2007年,“小世界网络之父”奠基人邓肯·瓦茨在 Nature 发表了题为《A twenty-first century science》的文章,这成为计算社会科学时代即将来临的标志之一。这篇文章采用了网络分析的方法来分析社会现象中的网络偏好以及个体选择的问题。关于这篇文章集智俱乐部的发表过相关的解读文章:计算社会科学时代的来临 | 小世界网络之父邓肯·瓦茨经典回顾
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160818082017/https://d-place.org/home ''D-PLACE'']: the Database of Places, Languages, Culture and Environment, which provides data on over 1,400 human social formations<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kirby|first1=Kathryn R.|last2=Gray|first2=Russell D.|last3=Greenhill|first3=Simon J.|last4=Jordan|first4=Fiona M.|last5=Gomes-Ng|first5=Stephanie|last6=Bibiko|first6=Hans-Jörg|last7=Blasi|first7=Damián E.|last8=Botero|first8=Carlos A.|last9=Bowern|first9=Claire|last10=Ember|first10=Carol R.|last11=Leehr|first11=Dan|last12=Low|first12=Bobbi S.|last13=McCarter|first13=Joe|last14=Divale|first14=William|title=D-PLACE: A Global Database of Cultural, Linguistic and Environmental Diversity|journal=PLOS One|date=2016|volume=11|issue=7|pages=e0158391|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0158391|pmid=27391016|pmc=4938595|bibcode=2016PLoSO..1158391K}}</ref>
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A twenty-first century science [2007]Duncan J. Watts查看详情页查看原文
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关于网络科学的综述,可以看美国东北大学网络科学家Alessandro Vespignani于2018年6月发表在Nature上的一篇综述文章《Twenty years of network science》
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Twenty years of network science [2018]ALESSANDRO VESPIGNANI查看详情页查看原文
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集智俱乐部也翻译了相关的报道:小世界网络、偏好依附机制、跨学科研究——网络科学20年
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* [http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/Archaeo/ ''The Atlas of Cultural Evolution''], an archaeological database created by [[Peter N. Peregrine]]<ref>Peter N. Peregrine, ''Atlas of Cultural Evolution'', ''World Cultures'' 14(1), 2003</ref>
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3、计算社会科学的诞生
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计算社会科学标记性的诞生,应该是起源于2009年2月6日,15名来自社会科学、计算机科学和物理学的重要科学家联名在Science上发表了《Computer Social Science》。
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* [http://www.chia.pitt.edu/ ''CHIA: The Collaborative Information for Historical Analysis''], a multidisciplinary collaborative endeavor hosted by the [[University of Pittsburgh]] with the goal of archiving historical information and linking data as well as academic/research institutions around the globe
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计算社会科学诞生的标志
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这篇文章主要是阐述了计算社会科学正对我们的社会生活产生深远的影响,但是也同样面临着数据获取和隐私等方面的障碍。关于这篇文章集智俱乐部的发表过相关的解读文章:Science经典回顾:计算社会科学诞生宣言
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Computational Social Science [2009]David Lazer,Alex Pentland,Lada Adamic查看详情页查看原文
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4、计算社会科学的进一步确立
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另外,在2012年,R. Conte,C. Cioffi-Revilla等14位欧美学者在《The European Physical Journal Special Topics》(第1期)上联合发布了一份《计算社会科学宣言》(后文简称“宣言”),力图呼唤一场社会科学革命。《宣言》从机遇、技术发展、方法创新、面临的挑战和预期的影响等五个方面全景式的说明了计算社会科学发展现状及其未来的方面。
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* [https://socialhistory.org/en/research/specials/about-iish-research-programme ''International Institute of Social History''], which collects data on the global social history of labour relations, workers, and labour
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==研究方法==
 
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* [[Human Relations Area Files]] eHRAF Archaeology<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yale.edu/hraf/archaeology.htm|publisher=[[Human Relations Area Files]]| title=eHRAF Archaeology}}</ref>
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* [[Human Relations Area Files]] eHRAF World Cultures<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/ehrafe/|publisher=[[Human Relations Area Files]]| title=eHRAF World Cultures}}</ref>
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*[https://www.clio-infra.eu/ Clio-Infra] a database of measures of economic performance and other aspects of societal well-being on a global sample of societies from 1800 CE to the present
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* The [[Google Ngram Viewer]], an online search engine that charts frequencies of sets of comma-delimited search strings using a yearly count of n-grams as found in the largest online body of human knowledge, the [[Google Books]] corpus.
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The analysis of vast quantities of historical newspaper<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lansdall-Welfare|first=Thomas|last2=Sudhahar|first2=Saatviga|last3=Thompson|first3=James|last4=Lewis|first4=Justin|last5=Team|first5=FindMyPast Newspaper|last6=Cristianini|first6=Nello|date=2017-01-09|title=Content analysis of 150 years of British periodicals|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2017/01/03/1606380114|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=4|language=en|pages=E457–E465|doi=10.1073/pnas.1606380114|issn=0027-8424|pmid=28069962|pmc=5278459}}</ref> and book content<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roth|first=Steffen|display-authors=et al|date=2017|title=Futures of a distributed memory. A global brain wave measurement (1800-2000)|journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change|volume=118|language=en|pages=307–323|doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2017.02.031}}</ref> have been pioneered in 2017, while other studies on similar data<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dzogang|first=Fabon|last2=Lansdall-Welfare|first2=Thomas|last3=Team|first3=FindMyPast Newspaper|last4=Cristianini|first4=Nello|date=2016-11-08|title=Discovering Periodic Patterns in Historical News|journal=PLOS One|volume=11|issue=11|pages=e0165736|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0165736|issn=1932-6203|pmc=5100883|pmid=27824911|bibcode=2016PLoSO..1165736D}}</ref> showed how periodic structures can be automatically discovered in historical newspapers. A similar analysis was performed on social media, again revealing strongly periodic structures.<ref>Seasonal Fluctuations in Collective Mood Revealed by Wikipedia Searches and Twitter Posts F Dzogang, T Lansdall-Welfare, N Cristianini - 2016 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining, Workshop on ''Data Mining'' in Human Activity Analysis</ref>
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The analysis of vast quantities of historical newspaper and book content have been pioneered in 2017, while other studies on similar data showed how periodic structures can be automatically discovered in historical newspapers. A similar analysis was performed on social media, again revealing strongly periodic structures.
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对大量历史报纸和书籍内容的分析在2017年开创了先河,而对类似数据的其他研究表明,周期结构可以在历史报纸中自动发现。在社交媒体上也进行了类似的分析,再次揭示了强烈的周期性结构。
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==历史==
      
[[File:Complexity-map-with-sociolo.png|thumb|right|300px|Historical map of research paradigms and associated scientists in [[sociology and complexity science]].]]
 
[[File:Complexity-map-with-sociolo.png|thumb|right|300px|Historical map of research paradigms and associated scientists in [[sociology and complexity science]].]]
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==研究方法==
 
==研究方法==
本词条改编自相应[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_complexity 维基百科页面]
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就像伽利略利用望远镜作为关键的观察工具最终获得对物质世界更深刻、更真实的理解一样,计算社会科学家正在学习利用先进和日益强大的计算工具来超越传统的学科。
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目前,根据使用环境的不同,计算社会科学方法主要分为五个:
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=== 1、 自动信息提取 ===
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自动信息提取技术由于可以挖掘实时的数据流,如新闻广播或其他电子报告,不仅可用于异常检测和预警,同时也可用于监测趋势和评估干预和项目执行等,是计算社会科学数据收集的一个重要方式。
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=== 2、 社交网络分析(SNA)  ===
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将人或者社区看作一个点,用边表示人和人之间或者社区和社区之间可能存在的相互依赖关系,这样就可以构成一个社会网络,利用网络科学的方法对社会网络进行分析,挖掘出背后的逻辑,就是社交网络分析。联盟、恐怖组织、贸易体系、认知信仰体系和国家社会体系本身都是常见的社会网络,是社会科学家们感兴趣的研究对象。
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=== 3、地理空间分析(又被称为社会地理信息系统、地理信息系统、社会GIS] ===
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地理信息系统(GIS)最初是社会地理学家和制图员研究地理现象的可视化工具和空间分析的工具。目前在社会科学中有了许多应用,比如在犯罪学和区域经济学应用社会GIS可以有效的量化冲突,与其他的量化技术结合在一起可以产生一些使用数学和统计模型无法获得的有趣的见解。
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=== 4、 复杂系统建模 ===
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复杂系统建模是指采用复杂系统的基本方法,比如神经网络建模、基于主体的建模方法、遗传算法、粒子群优化算法、蚁群优化算法应用在社会科学网络中,为社会科学中的非均衡系统的动态分析提供了理论支持。如恐怖袭击、发展中国家的财富和贫困,政治不稳定,外国援助分布和国内和国际冲突等。
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=== 5、 社会仿真模型===
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因为很多社会事件是无法在系统上进行实验的, 所以采用仿真模拟的办法来对研究分析某一特定的系统和策略,从而达到分析社会现象的办法,成为社会仿真模型。
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同样的,每个方法下面也被系统的划分为多个模型,例如计算社会模拟模型包括系统动力学,微观分析模型,排队模型,细胞自动机,多智能体模型,学习和演化模型,包括一些混合动力,例如,结合系统动力学和代理模型(Agent Based Models)。另外,这五种方法之间的几种组合也很常见,如在由反弹道导弹模拟时引入表达社会复杂性的幂律分布模型。
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这部分的详细内容可以看社会复杂性中心,Krasnow先进研究所,美国乔治梅森大学教授Claudio Cioffi-Revilla 出版的《 Introduction to Computational Social Science: Principles and Applications》,现在也有了中文的翻译版本,《计算社会科学原则与应用》。
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<span class='paper-item' data-id='62b3c07e-5bcc-11ea-9bda-0242ac1a0005' data-url='https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/wics.95#accessDenialLayout'>Computational social science <span>[2010]</span><i>Claudio Cioffi‐Revilla</i><a target='_blank' href='/paper?id=62b3c07e-5bcc-11ea-9bda-0242ac1a0005'>查看详情页</a><a target='_blank' href='/outlink?target=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/wics.95#accessDenialLayout'>查看原文</a></span>
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* [https://www.clio-infra.eu/ Clio-Infra]:从公元前1800年到现在的全球社会样本的经济绩效和社会福利其他方面的资料库。
 
* [https://www.clio-infra.eu/ Clio-Infra]:从公元前1800年到现在的全球社会样本的经济绩效和社会福利其他方面的资料库。
 
* 对大量历史报纸内容的分析率先显示了如何自动发现周期性结构[9][10] ,对社群媒体进行类似的分析,也能看到明显的周期性结构[11]。
 
* 对大量历史报纸内容的分析率先显示了如何自动发现周期性结构[9][10] ,对社群媒体进行类似的分析,也能看到明显的周期性结构[11]。
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The analysis of vast quantities of historical newspaper and book content have been pioneered in 2017, while other studies on similar data showed how periodic structures can be automatically discovered in historical newspapers. A similar analysis was performed on social media, again revealing strongly periodic structures.
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对大量历史报纸和书籍内容的分析在2017年开创了先河,而对类似数据的其他研究表明,周期结构可以在历史报纸中自动发现。在社交媒体上也进行了类似的分析,再次揭示了强烈的周期性结构。
    
==See also==
 
==See also==
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