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第18行： + − There are two terminologies that relate to each other: '''Social Science Computing (SSC) and Computational Social Science (CSS)'''. In literature, CSS is referred to the field of social science that uses the computational approaches in studying the social phenomena.+ − There are two terminologies that relate to each other: Social Science Computing (SSC) and Computational Social Science (CSS). In literature, CSS is referred to the field of social science that uses the computational approaches in studying the social phenomena. − 有两个相互关联的术语: 社会科学计算(SSC)和计算社会科学(CSS)。+ − 在文献中，计算社会科学指的是社会科学领域，它使用计算方法来研究社会现象。+ − On the other hand, SSC is the field in which computational methodologies are created to assist in explanations of social phenomena.+ − On the other hand, SSC is the field in which computational methodologies are created to assist in explanations of social phenomena. − 另一方面，社会科学计算是一个领域，其中计算方法创建，以协助解释社会现象。+ + + + − Computational social science revolutionizes both fundamental legs of the [[scientific method]]: [[empirical research]], especially through [[big data]], by analyzing the [[digital footprint]] left behind through social online activities; and [[scientific theory]], especially through [[computer simulation]] model building through [[social simulation]].<ref>DT&SC 7-1: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9x3d75ZMuYU . Introduction to e-Science]: From the DT&SC [https://canvas.instructure.com/courses/949415 online course] at the University of California</ref><ref name="HilbertICT4ICT4D">{{cite book|author=Hilbert, M.|year=2015|title=e-Science for Digital Development: ICT4ICT4D|publisher=Centre for Development Informatics, SEED, University of Manchester|url=http://www.seed.manchester.ac.uk/medialibrary/IDPM/working_papers/di/di-wp60.pdf|isbn=978-1-905469-54-3|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924100018/http://www.seed.manchester.ac.uk/medialibrary/IDPM/working_papers/di/di-wp60.pdf|archivedate=2015-09-24}}</ref> It is a multi-disciplinary and integrated approach to social survey focusing on information processing by means of advanced information technology. The computational tasks include the analysis of social networks, social geographic systems,<ref>{{cite journal|title=Computational social science |first=Claudio |last=Cioffi-Revilla |journal=[[Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Statistics]] |year=2010 |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=259–271 |doi=10.1002/wics.95}}</ref> social media content and traditional media content.+ − Computational social science revolutionizes both fundamental legs of the scientific method: empirical research, especially through big data, by analyzing the digital footprint left behind through social online activities; and scientific theory, especially through computer simulation model building through social simulation. It is a multi-disciplinary and integrated approach to social survey focusing on information processing by means of advanced information technology. The computational tasks include the analysis of social networks, social geographic systems, social media content and traditional media content.+ − 计算社会科学彻底改变了科学方法的两个基本支柱: 实证研究，特别是通过大数据，通过分析社会在线活动留下的数据痕迹; 科学理论，特别是通过社会模拟建立计算机模拟模型。利用先进的信息技术进行以信息处理为核心的社会调查是一种多学科、综合的方法。计算任务包括分析社交网络、社交地理系统、社交媒体内容和传统媒体内容。 + + + +
→定义
== 定义 ==
== 定义 ==
'''Computational sociology''' is a branch of [[sociology]] that uses computationally intensive methods to analyze and model social phenomena. Using [[computer simulation]]s, [[artificial intelligence]], complex statistical methods, and analytic approaches like [[social network analysis]], computational sociology develops and tests theories of complex social processes through bottom-up modeling of social interactions.<ref name="MW">{{cite journal|doi=10.1146/annurev.soc.28.110601.141117|title=From Factors to Actors: Computational Sociology and Agent-Based Modeling |first1=Michael W. |last1=Macy |first2=Robert |last2=Willer |journal=Annual Review of Sociology |volume=28 |pages=143–166 |jstor=3069238|year=2002}}</ref>
Computational sociology is a branch of sociology that uses computationally intensive methods to analyze and model social phenomena. Using computer simulations, artificial intelligence, complex statistical methods, and analytic approaches like social network analysis, computational sociology develops and tests theories of complex social processes through bottom-up modeling of social interactions.[1]
计算社会科学是社会学的一个分支，通过使用计算机模拟、人工智能、复杂的统计学方法，社会网络分析等技术分析计算社会学的发展，以及对社会互动自下而上的建模检验复杂社会过程的理论。
It involves the understanding of social agents, the interaction among these agents, and the effect of these interactions on the social aggregate.<ref name="SfSS1">{{cite book|last1=Gilbert |first1=Nigel |last2=Troitzsch |first2=Klaus |year=2005 |title=Simulation for Social Scientists |edition=2 |chapter=Simulation and social science |publisher=Open University Press |chapter-url=http://cress.soc.surrey.ac.uk/s4ss/}}</ref> Although the subject matter and methodologies in [[social science]] differ from those in [[natural science]] or [[computer science]], several of the approaches used in contemporary [[social simulation]] originated from fields such as [[physics]] and [[artificial intelligence]].<ref name="Artificial Societies">{{cite book|last1=Epstein |first1=Joshua M. |last2=Axtell |first2=Robert |year=1996 |title=Growing Artificial Societies: Social Science from the Bottom Up |location=Washington DC |publisher=Brookings Institution Press|url=https://archive.org/details/growingartificia00epst|url-access=registration |isbn=978-0262050531 }}</ref><ref name="Cooperation">{{cite book|last1=Axelrod |first1=Robert |year=1997 |title=The Complexity of Cooperation: Agent-Based Models of Competition and Collaboration |location=Princeton, NJ |publisher=Princeton University Press}}</ref> Some of the approaches that originated in this field have been imported into the natural sciences, such as measures of [[centrality|network centrality]] from the fields of [[social network analysis]] and [[network science]].
It involves the understanding of social agents, the interaction among these agents, and the effect of these interactions on the social aggregate.[2] Although the subject matter and methodologies in social science differ from those in natural science or computer science, several of the approaches used in contemporary social simulation originated from fields such as physics and artificial intelligence.[3][4] Some of the approaches that originated in this field have been imported into the natural sciences, such as measures of network centrality from the fields of social network analysis and network science.
它涉及对社会主体的理解，这些主体之间的相互作用，以及这些相互作用对社会整体产生的影响。 [2]虽然社会科学的主题和方法不同于自然科学或计算机科学，但当前社会仿真中使用的一些方法起源于物理学和人工智能等领域。 [3][4]同时这个领域的一些方法也被应用于自然科学的其他领域，例如来自[[社会网络分析]]和[[网络科学]]领域的[[网络中心性]]度量。
In relevant literature, computational sociology is often related to the study of [[social complexity]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Casti |first=J |year=1999 |title=The Computer as Laboratory: Toward a Theory of Complex Adaptive Systems |journal=Complexity |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=12–14 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1099-0526(199905/06)4:5<12::AID-CPLX3>3.0.CO;2-4}}</ref> Social complexity concepts such as [[complex systems]], [[non-linear]] interconnection among macro and micro process, and [[emergence]], have entered the vocabulary of computational sociology.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Goldspink |first=C |year=2002 |title=Methodological Implications of Complex Systems Approaches to Sociality: Simulation as a Foundation for Knowledge |url=http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/5/1/3.html |publisher=Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation |volume=5 |issue=1}}</ref> A practical and well-known example is the construction of a computational model in the form of an "[[artificial society]]", by which researchers can analyze the structure of a [[Social structure|social system]].<ref name="SfSS1"/><ref name="Generative">{{cite book|last=Epstein |first=Joshua |year=2007 |title=Generative Social Science: Studies in Agent-Based Computational Modeling |location=Princeton, NJ |publisher=Princeton University Press|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283615593}}</ref><!--
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In relevant literature, computational sociology is often related to the study of social complexity.[5] Social complexity concepts such as complex systems, non-linear interconnection among macro and micro process, and emergence, have entered the vocabulary of computational sociology.[6] A practical and well-known example is the construction of a computational model in the form of an "artificial society", by which researchers can analyze the structure of a social system.[2][7]
在相关文献中，计算社会科学经常与[[社会复杂性]]的研究有关。 [[复杂系统]]、宏观和微观过程之间的非线性相互联系、[[涌现]]等社会复杂性概念已经进入了计算社会科学中。 [6]一个实际而著名的例子是以“人工社会”的形式建造一个计算模型，通过它研究人员可以分析一个社会系统的结构。 [2][7]
Computational social science revolutionizes both fundamental legs of the [[scientific method]]: [[empirical research]], especially through [[big data]], by analyzing the [[digital footprint]] left behind through social online activities; and [[scientific theory]], especially through [[computer simulation]] model building through [[social simulation]].<ref>DT&SC 7-1: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9x3d75ZMuYU . Introduction to e-Science]: From the DT&SC [https://canvas.instructure.com/courses/949415 online course] at the University of California</ref><ref name="HilbertICT4ICT4D">{{cite book|author=Hilbert, M.|year=2015|title=e-Science for Digital Development: ICT4ICT4D|publisher=Centre for Development Informatics, SEED, University of Manchester|url=http://www.seed.manchester.ac.uk/medialibrary/IDPM/working_papers/di/di-wp60.pdf|isbn=978-1-905469-54-3|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924100018/http://www.seed.manchester.ac.uk/medialibrary/IDPM/working_papers/di/di-wp60.pdf|archivedate=2015-09-24}}</ref> It is a multi-disciplinary and integrated approach to social survey focusing on information processing by means of advanced information technology. The computational tasks include the analysis of social networks, social geographic systems,<ref>{{cite journal|title=Computational social science |first=Claudio |last=Cioffi-Revilla |journal=[[Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Statistics]] |year=2010 |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=259–271 |doi=10.1002/wics.95}}</ref> social media content and traditional media content.
Computational social science revolutionizes both fundamental legs of the scientific method: empirical research, especially through big data, by analyzing the digital footprint left behind through social online activities; and scientific theory, especially through computer simulation model building through social simulation. It is a multi-disciplinary and integrated approach to social survey focusing on information processing by means of advanced information technology. The computational tasks include the analysis of social networks, social geographic systems, social media content and traditional media content.
计算社会科学彻底改变了科学方法的两个基本支柱: 实证研究，特别是通过大数据，通过分析社会在线活动留下的数据痕迹; 科学理论，特别是通过社会模拟建立计算机模拟模型。
利用先进的信息技术进行以信息处理为核心的社会调查是一种多学科、综合的方法。包括对社交网络、社交地理系统、社交媒体内容和传统媒体内容的分析计算。
== 概念演化 ==
== 概念演化 ==