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网络科学（Network Science）是一个研究复杂网络的学术领域，如通讯网络，计算机网络，生物网络，认知和语义网络，以及社会网络，主要由节点（顶点）表示不同元素或参与者，由连边表示元素或参与者之间的联系。该领域借鉴了数学中的图论，物理学中的统计力学，计算机科学中的数据挖掘和信息可视化，统计学中的推理建模和社会学中的社会结构等理论和方法。 美国国家研究委员会（The United States National Research Council）将网络科学定义为“研究物理、生物和社会现象的网络表征，从而得出这些现象的预测模型。” [1]

网络科学（Network Science）是一个研究复杂网络的学术领域，如通讯网络，计算机网络，生物网络，认知和语义网络，以及社会网络，主要由节点（顶点）表示不同元素或参与者，由连边表示元素或参与者之间的联系。该领域借鉴了数学中的图论，物理学中的统计力学，计算机科学中的数据挖掘和信息可视化，统计学中的推理建模和社会学中的社会结构等理论和方法。 美国国家研究委员会（The United States National Research Council）将网络科学定义为“研究物理、生物和社会现象的网络表征，从而得出这些现象的预测模型。” [1]

== 背景和历史 ==

== 背景和历史 ==

The study of networks has emerged in diverse disciplines as a means of analyzing complex relational data. The earliest known paper in this field is the famous [[Seven Bridges of Königsberg]] written by [[Leonhard Euler]] in 1736. Euler's mathematical description of vertices and edges was the foundation of [[graph theory]], a branch of mathematics that studies the properties of pairwise relations in a network structure. The field of [[graph theory]] continued to develop and found applications in chemistry (Sylvester, 1878).

The study of networks has emerged in diverse disciplines as a means of analyzing complex relational data. The earliest known paper in this field is the famous [[Seven Bridges of Königsberg]] written by [[Leonhard Euler]] in 1736. Euler's mathematical description of vertices and edges was the foundation of [[graph theory]], a branch of mathematics that studies the properties of pairwise relations in a network structure. The field of [[graph theory]] continued to develop and found applications in chemistry (Sylvester, 1878).