330
个编辑
更改
跳到导航
跳到搜索
第149行：
第149行： − 线性层次结构的最大度是1。即所有对象都可呈现在一个列表中，每个对象(顶部和底部的除外)只有一个直接下级和一个直接上级。注意，这里说的是对象而不是级别；就级别而言每个层次结构都有这种属性，但每个级别通常可以有无限个对象。生命层次结构就是线性层次的一个例子。+ 第157行：
第157行： − 在分支层次结构中，至少有一个对象的支化度在2或以上（即支化度下限是2或更高）。对许多人来说，“层次”这个词自动唤起了支化层次结构的印象。支化层次存在于很多系统中，包括组织、分类法。广义上的分支层次可据其分支度进一步细分。+ 第165行：
第165行： − 扁平层次是指最大度接近无穷的支化层次结构，例如跨度很大的层次结构。分层系统一般最多只有中等的跨度，故扁平层次结构通常根本不被视为层次结构。例如钻石和石墨是由许多碳原子组成的扁平层次结构，而这些碳原子可进一步分解为亚原子粒子。+ 第173行：
第173行： − 重叠的层次结构是指其中至少有一个对象具有两个父级对象的分支层次结构。例如，一个研究生可以有两个联合主管，学生可同等地直接向他们汇报，且二人在大学层级制度中具有同等的权力水平(例如他们都拥有相同的职位或任期)。+
→支化度 Degree of branching
In a linear hierarchy<!--per WP:R#PLA, this SHOULD be bold-->, the maximum degree is 1. In other words, all of the objects can be visualized in a line-up, and each object (excluding the top and bottom ones) has exactly one direct subordinate and one direct superior. Note that this is referring to the objects and not the levels; every hierarchy has this property with respect to levels, but normally each level can have an infinite number of objects. An example of a linear hierarchy is the hierarchy of life.
In a linear hierarchy<!--per WP:R#PLA, this SHOULD be bold-->, the maximum degree is 1. In other words, all of the objects can be visualized in a line-up, and each object (excluding the top and bottom ones) has exactly one direct subordinate and one direct superior. Note that this is referring to the objects and not the levels; every hierarchy has this property with respect to levels, but normally each level can have an infinite number of objects. An example of a linear hierarchy is the hierarchy of life.
'''<font color="#ff8000">线性层次结构</font>'''的最大度是1。即所有对象都可呈现在一个列表中，每个对象(顶部和底部的除外)只有一个直接下级和一个直接上级。注意，这里说的是对象而不是级别；就级别而言每个层次结构都有这种属性，但每个级别通常可以有无限个对象。生命层次结构就是线性层次的一个例子。
In a branching hierarchy<!--per WP:R#PLA, this SHOULD be bold-->, one or more objects has a degree of 2 or more (and therefore the minimum degree is 2 or higher). For many people, the word "hierarchy" automatically evokes an image of a branching hierarchy. Branching hierarchies are present within numerous systems, including organizations and classification schemes. The broad category of branching hierarchies can be further subdivided based on the degree.
In a branching hierarchy<!--per WP:R#PLA, this SHOULD be bold-->, one or more objects has a degree of 2 or more (and therefore the minimum degree is 2 or higher). For many people, the word "hierarchy" automatically evokes an image of a branching hierarchy. Branching hierarchies are present within numerous systems, including organizations and classification schemes. The broad category of branching hierarchies can be further subdivided based on the degree.
在'''<font color="#ff8000">分支层次结构</font>'''中，至少有一个对象的支化度在2或以上（即支化度下限是2或更高）。对许多人来说，“层次”这个词自动唤起了支化层次结构的印象。支化层次存在于很多系统中，包括组织、分类法。广义上的分支层次可据其分支度进一步细分。
A flat hierarchy<!--per WP:R#PLA, this SHOULD be bold--> is a branching hierarchy in which the maximum degree approaches infinity, i.e., that has a wide span. Most often, systems intuitively regarded as hierarchical have at most a moderate span. Therefore, a flat hierarchy is often not viewed as a hierarchy at all. For example, diamonds and graphite are flat hierarchies of numerous carbon atoms that can be further decomposed into subatomic particles.
A flat hierarchy<!--per WP:R#PLA, this SHOULD be bold--> is a branching hierarchy in which the maximum degree approaches infinity, i.e., that has a wide span. Most often, systems intuitively regarded as hierarchical have at most a moderate span. Therefore, a flat hierarchy is often not viewed as a hierarchy at all. For example, diamonds and graphite are flat hierarchies of numerous carbon atoms that can be further decomposed into subatomic particles.
'''<font color="#ff8000">扁平层次结构</font>'''是指最大度接近无穷的支化层次结构，例如跨度很大的层次结构。分层系统一般最多只有中等的跨度，故扁平层次结构通常根本不被视为层次结构。例如钻石和石墨是由许多碳原子组成的扁平层次结构，而这些碳原子可进一步分解为亚原子粒子。
An overlapping hierarchy<!--per WP:R#PLA, this SHOULD be bold--> is a branching hierarchy in which at least one object has two parent objects. For example, a graduate student can have two co-supervisors to whom the student reports directly and equally, and who have the same level of authority within the university hierarchy (i.e., they have the same position or tenure status).
An overlapping hierarchy<!--per WP:R#PLA, this SHOULD be bold--> is a branching hierarchy in which at least one object has two parent objects. For example, a graduate student can have two co-supervisors to whom the student reports directly and equally, and who have the same level of authority within the university hierarchy (i.e., they have the same position or tenure status).
'''<font color="#ff8000">重叠层次结构</font>'''是指其中至少有一个对象具有两个父级对象的分支层次结构。例如，一个研究生可以有两个联合主管，学生可同等地直接向他们汇报，且二人在大学层级制度中具有同等的权力水平(例如他们都拥有相同的职位或任期)。
==术语历史 History of the term==
==术语历史 History of the term==