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第1行： − 此词条暂由Henry翻译+ 第5行：
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第13行： − + − “整体论”的确切含义取决于语境。Smuts最初用“整体论”来指自然界中从单元结构的有序组合中产生整体的倾向。在这个意义上，“整体论”也可以拼写为“整体主义”，它可以与还原论或原子论形成对比。+ 第24行：
第24行： − 当用于饮食或医疗健康时，术语“整体”指的是对食物、饮食或生活方式的直觉方法。一个例子是在整体医学的背景下，“整体论”是指治疗一个人健康的所有方面，包括心理和社会因素，而不仅仅是他/她的身体状况或症状。从这个意义上讲，整体主义也可以称为“整体主义”。医生、营养师和宗教机构通常根据个人情况推荐几种方法。宗教机构的信徒，实行全面的饮食和健康方法，已经被证明比周围的人口，包括印度教和基督复临安息日会的信徒寿命更长。 +
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此词条暂由Henry翻译。已由Smile审校
'''Holism''' (from [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] {{lang|grc|ὅλος}} ''holos'' "all, whole, entire") is the idea that various [[system]]s (e.g. physical, biological, social) should be viewed as wholes, not merely as a collection of parts.<ref>{{Citation | first = Barry | last = Oshry | title = Seeing Systems: Unlocking the Mysteries of Organizational Life | publisher = Berrett-Koehler | year = 2008}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation | first = Sunny Y | last = Auyang | title = Foundations of Complex-system Theories: in Economics, Evolutionary Biology, and Statistical Physics | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1999}}.</ref> The term "holism" was coined by [[Jan Smuts]] in his 1926 book ''[[Holism and Evolution]]''.<ref name=oed>"holism, n." OED Online, [[Oxford University Press]], September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/87726. Accessed 23 October 2019.</ref>
'''Holism''' (from [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] {{lang|grc|ὅλος}} ''holos'' "all, whole, entire") is the idea that various [[system]]s (e.g. physical, biological, social) should be viewed as wholes, not merely as a collection of parts.<ref>{{Citation | first = Barry | last = Oshry | title = Seeing Systems: Unlocking the Mysteries of Organizational Life | publisher = Berrett-Koehler | year = 2008}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation | first = Sunny Y | last = Auyang | title = Foundations of Complex-system Theories: in Economics, Evolutionary Biology, and Statistical Physics | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1999}}.</ref> The term "holism" was coined by [[Jan Smuts]] in his 1926 book ''[[Holism and Evolution]]''.<ref name=oed>"holism, n." OED Online, [[Oxford University Press]], September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/87726. Accessed 23 October 2019.</ref>
Holism (from Greek holos "all, whole, entire") is the idea that various systems (e.g. physical, biological, social) should be viewed as wholes, not merely as a collection of parts. The term "holism" was coined by Jan Smuts in his 1926 book Holism and Evolution.
Holism (from Greek holos "all, whole, entire") is the idea that various systems (e.g. physical, biological, social) should be viewed as wholes, not merely as a collection of parts. The term "holism" was coined by Jan Smuts in his 1926 book Holism and Evolution.
<font color="#ff8000"> 整体主义Holism</font>（源自希腊holos“all，whole，entire”）是一种观点，即各种系统（例如物理的、生物的、社会的）应该被视为整体，而不仅仅是部分的集合。“整体主义”这个词是扬·斯密茨在1926年出版的《整体主义与进化》一书中提出的。
<font color="#ff8000"> 整体论 Holism</font>（源自希腊holos“all，whole，entire”）是指各种系统（例如物理的、生物的、社会的）应该被视为整体，而不仅仅作为各个部分的集合的观点。<ref>{{Citation | first = Barry | last = Oshry | title = Seeing Systems: Unlocking the Mysteries of Organizational Life | publisher = Berrett-Koehler | year = 2008}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation | first = Sunny Y | last = Auyang | title = Foundations of Complex-system Theories: in Economics, Evolutionary Biology, and Statistical Physics | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1999}}.</ref> “整体论”这个词是扬·斯密茨 Jan Smuts在1926年出版的《整体论与进化》<ref name=oed>"holism, n." OED Online, [[Oxford University Press]], September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/87726. Accessed 23 October 2019.</ref>一书中提出的。
The exact meaning of "holism" depends on context. Smuts originally used "holism" to refer to the tendency in nature to produce wholes from the ordered grouping of unit structures.<ref name=oed /> However, in common usage, "holism" usually refers to the idea that a whole is greater than the sum of its parts.<ref name=poynton>J. C. Poynton (1987) SMUTS'S HOLISM AND EVOLUTION SIXTY YEARS ON, Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 46:3, 181-189, DOI:10.1080/00359198709520121</ref> In this sense, "holism" may also be spelled "'''wholism'''", and it may be contrasted with [[reductionism]] or [[atomism]].<ref> "wholism, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/228738. Accessed 23 October 2019.</ref>
The exact meaning of "holism" depends on context. Smuts originally used "holism" to refer to the tendency in nature to produce wholes from the ordered grouping of unit structures.<ref name=oed /> However, in common usage, "holism" usually refers to the idea that a whole is greater than the sum of its parts.<ref name=poynton>J. C. Poynton (1987) SMUTS'S HOLISM AND EVOLUTION SIXTY YEARS ON, Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 46:3, 181-189, DOI:10.1080/00359198709520121</ref> In this sense, "holism" may also be spelled "'''wholism'''", and it may be contrasted with [[reductionism]] or [[atomism]].<ref> "wholism, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/228738. Accessed 23 October 2019.</ref>
The exact meaning of "holism" depends on context. Smuts originally used "holism" to refer to the tendency in nature to produce wholes from the ordered grouping of unit structures. In this sense, "holism" may also be spelled "wholism", and it may be contrasted with reductionism or atomism.
The exact meaning of "holism" depends on context. Smuts originally used "holism" to refer to the tendency in nature to produce wholes from the ordered grouping of unit structures. However, in common usage, "holism" usually refers to the idea that a whole is greater than the sum of its parts. In this sense, "holism" may also be spelled "wholism", and it may be contrasted with reductionism or atomism.
<font color="#ff8000"> 整体论</font>的确切含义取决于语境。Smuts最初用<font color="#ff8000"> 整体论</font>来指自然界中从单元结构的有序组合中产生整体的倾向。<ref name=oed /> 然而，在<font color="#ff8000"> 整体论</font>的一般用法中，<font color="#ff8000"> 整体论</font>通常指整体优于部分之和的观点。<ref name=poynton>J. C. Poynton (1987) SMUTS'S HOLISM AND EVOLUTION SIXTY YEARS ON, Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 46:3, 181-189, DOI:10.1080/00359198709520121</ref>在这个意义上，<font color="#ff8000"> 整体论</font>也可以拼写为<font color="#ff8000">整体主义 wholism </font> ，它可以与<font color="#ff8000"> 还原论 reductionism</font>或<font color="#ff8000"> 原子论 atomism </font>形成对比。<ref> "wholism, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/228738. Accessed 23 October 2019.</ref>
The term holistic when applied to diet or medical health refers to intuitive approach to food, eating, or lifestyle. One example is in the context of holistic medicine, "holism" refers to treating all aspects of a person's health, including psychological and societal factors, rather than only his/her physical conditions or symptoms. In this sense, holism may also be called "holiatry". Several approaches are used by medical doctors, dietitians, and religious institutions, usually recommended based on an individual basis. Adherents of religious institutions, that practice a holistic dietary and health approach, have been shown have longer lifespans than those of surrounding populations, including Hinduism, and the Seventh-Day Adventist Church.<ref name="TODAY.com 2016"></ref>
The term holistic when applied to diet or medical health refers to intuitive approach to food, eating, or lifestyle. One example is in the context of holistic medicine, "holism" refers to treating all aspects of a person's health, including psychological and societal factors, rather than only his/her physical conditions or symptoms. In this sense, holism may also be called "holiatry". Several approaches are used by medical doctors, dietitians, and religious institutions, usually recommended based on an individual basis. Adherents of religious institutions, that practice a holistic dietary and health approach, have been shown have longer lifespans than those of surrounding populations, including Hinduism, and the Seventh-Day Adventist Church.<ref name="TODAY.com 2016"></ref>
当用于饮食或医疗健康时，术语“整体”指的是对食物、饮食或生活方式的直觉方法。<ref name="Chesak 2018">{{cite web | last=Chesak | first=Jennifer | title=The No BS Guide to Holistic, Healthier Eating | website=Healthline | date=October 23, 2018 | url=https://www.healthline.com/health/food-nutrition/how-to-start-intuitive-eating | access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref>举个例子，在整体医学的背景下，<font color="#ff8000"> 整体论</font>是指治疗一个人健康的所有方面，包括心理和社会因素，而不仅仅是他/她的身体状况或症状。<ref>"holistic, adj." OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/87727. Accessed 23 October 2019.</ref>从这个意义上讲，<font color="#ff8000"> 整体论</font>也可以称为<font color="#ff8000"> 整体论 holiatry </font>。<ref>[https://www.dictionary.com/browse/holism Dictionary.com: holism]</ref>医生、营养师和宗教机构通常根据个人基础推荐几种方法。<ref name="Fenton 2010">{{cite web | last=Fenton | first=Crystal | title=Holistic Diet | website=LIVESTRONG.COM | date=April 16, 2010 | url=https://www.livestrong.com/article/107401-holistic-diet/ | access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref><ref name="doctoroz.com 2011">{{cite web | title=28-Day Holistic Health Overhaul | website=doctoroz.com | date=January 27, 2011 | url=https://www.doctoroz.com/article/28-day-holistic-health-overhaul | access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref><ref name="TODAY.com 2016">{{cite web | title=8 foods for a longer, healthier life | website=TODAY.com | date=October 21, 2016 | url=https://www.today.com/health/eat-adventist-8-foods-longer-healthier-life-t13901 | access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref>宗教机构的信徒，包括<font color="#ff8000">印度教 Hinduism </font> <ref name="Fenton 2010"></ref>、<font color="#ff8000">神道教 Shinto </font><ref name="Eesti Rahvaluule">{{cite web | title=FACING THE SPIRITS: ILLNESS AND HEALING IN A JAPANESE COMMUNITY | website=Eesti Rahvaluule | url=http://www.folklore.ee/rl/pubte/ee/usund/ingl/kalland.html | access-date=October 9, 2020}}</ref>和<font color="#ff8000">基督复临安息日会 Seventh-Day Adventist Church </font> <ref name="TODAY.com 2016"></ref>的信徒，尝试了一个全面的饮食和健康的方法，已经得到证明，他们比周围人口的寿命更长。