自发秩序

本词条由11初步翻译

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Spontaneous order, also named self-organization in the hard sciences, is the spontaneous emergence of order out of seeming chaos. It is a process in social networks including economics, though the term "self-organization" is more often used for physical changes and biological processes, while "spontaneous order" is typically used to describe the emergence of various kinds of social orders from a combination of self-interested individuals who are not intentionally trying to create order through planning. The evolution of life on Earth, language, crystal structure, the Internet and a free market economy have all been proposed as examples of systems which evolved through spontaneous order.

Spontaneous order, also named self-organization in the hard sciences, is the spontaneous emergence of order out of seeming chaos. It is a process in social networks including economics, though the term "self-organization" is more often used for physical changes and biological processes, while "spontaneous order" is typically used to describe the emergence of various kinds of social orders from a combination of self-interested individuals who are not intentionally trying to create order through planning. The evolution of life on Earth, language, crystal structure, the Internet and a free market economy have all been proposed as examples of systems which evolved through spontaneous order. Thus in this view by acting on information with greater detail and accuracy than possible for any centralized authority, a more efficient economy is created to the benefit of a whole society.

自发秩序spontaneous order，在自然科学中也被称为自我组织，是从表面上的混乱中自发出现的秩序。这是包括经济学在内的社会网络中的一个过程，不过“自我组织”一词更多地用于物理变化和生物过程，而“自发秩序”通常用于描述由一群自利的个体组合而产生的各种社会秩序，这些个体并不是有意地试图通过计划来创造秩序。地球上生命的进化、语言、晶体结构、互联网和自由市场经济都被认为是通过自发秩序进化而来的系统的例子。因此，按照这种观点，通过以比任何中央权威机构更详细、更准确的信息采取行动，就能创造出更高效的经济，使整个社会受益。

Spontaneous orders are to be distinguished from organizations. Spontaneous orders are distinguished by being scale-free networks, while organizations are hierarchical networks. Further, organizations can be and often are a part of spontaneous social orders, but the reverse is not true. Further, while organizations are created and controlled by humans, spontaneous orders are created, controlled, and controllable by no one. In economics and the social sciences, spontaneous order is defined as "the result of human actions, not of human design".

自发的秩序要与组织区分开来。自发秩序的区别在于它是无规模的网络，而组织是等级网络。此外，组织可以是而且往往是自发的社会秩序的一部分，但反之则不然。此外，组织是由人类创造和控制的，而自发的秩序则是由任何人创造、控制、和可控的。在经济学和社会科学中，自发秩序被定义为 “人类行动的结果，而非人类设计的结果”。

Lawrence Reed, president of the Foundation for Economic Education, describes spontaneous order as follows:

经济教育基金会主席劳伦斯•里德Lawrence Reed对自发秩序的描述如下:

Spontaneous order is an equilibrium behavior between self-interested individuals, which is most likely to evolve and survive, obeying the natural selection process "survival of the likeliest".

Spontaneous order is what happens when you leave people alone—when entrepreneurs... see the desires of people... and then provide for them.

自发秩序就是当你不去管别人的时候——当企业家......看到别人的欲望......然后提供给他们的时候。

History

历史

According to Murray Rothbard, Zhuangzi (369–286 BCE) was the first to work out the idea of spontaneous order. The philosopher rejected the authoritarianism of Confucianism, writing that there "has been such a thing as letting mankind alone; there has never been such a thing as governing mankind [with success]." He articulated an early form of spontaneous order, asserting that "good order results spontaneously when things are let alone", a concept later "developed particularly by Proudhon in the nineteenth [century]".

根据默里罗斯·巴德Murray Rothbard，庄子公元前369-286年）是第一个提出自发秩序思想的人。这位哲学家反对儒家的专制主义，他写道：“从来没有过让人类独善其身的事情；从来没有过治理人类[成功]的事情”。他阐述了一种早期的自发秩序形式，断言 "当事物被放任自流时，良好的秩序就会自发地产生"，这一概念后来 “由Proudhon|蒲鲁东在19[世纪]特别发展起来”。

They respond to market signals, to prices. Prices tell them what's needed and how urgently and where. And it's infinitely better and more productive than relying on a handful of elites in some distant bureaucracy.

它们对市场信号、价格作出反应。价格告诉他们需要什么，有多紧迫，在哪里。这比依靠遥远的官僚机构中的少数精英要好得多，也更有成效。

By analyzing datasets of household income from 66 countries and Hong Kong SAR, ranging from Europe to Latin America, North America and Asia, Tao et al found that, for all of these countries, the income distribution for the great majority of populations (low and middle income classes) follows an exponential income distribution.

通过分析来自66个国家和香港特别行政区的家庭收入数据，从欧洲到拉丁美洲、北美和亚洲，陶Tao等人发现，在所有这些国家中，绝大多数人口（中低收入阶层）的收入分配都遵循指数型收入分配。

The thinkers of the Scottish Enlightenment developed and inquired into the idea of the market as a spontaneous order. In 1767, the sociologist and historian Adam Ferguson described society as the "result of human action, but not the execution of any human design".

However, the term “spontaneous order” seems to have been coined by Michael Polanyi in his essay, “The Growth of Thought in Society,” Economica 8 (November 1941): 428–456..

然而，“自发秩序 ”一词似乎是由迈克尔·波兰尼Michael Polanyi在他的文章《社会中思想的增长》中创造的，《经济学》8期（1941年11月）：428-456.。

The Austrian School of Economics, led by Carl Menger, Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich Hayek made it a centerpiece in its social and economic thought. Hayek's theory of spontaneous order is the product of two related but distinct influences that do not always tend in the same direction. As an economic theorist, his explanations can be given a rational explanation. But as a legal and social theorist, he leans, by contrast, very heavily on a conservative and traditionalist approach which instructs us to submit blindly to a flow of events over which we can have little control.

以卡尔·门格尔Carl Menger、路德维希·冯·米塞斯Ludwig von Mises和弗里德里希·哈耶克Friedrich Hayek为首的奥地利经济学派把它作为其社会和经济思想的核心。哈耶克的自发秩序理论是两种相关而又不同的影响的产物，这些影响并不总是倾向于同一个方向。作为一个经济理论家，他的解释可以得到合理的解释。但作为一个法律和社会理论家，他却非常倾向于一种保守和传统主义的方法，这种方法指示我们盲目地服从于我们几乎无法控制的事件流。

Examples

案例

Markets

市场

Many conservative theorists, such as Hayek, have argued that market economies are a spontaneous order, "a more efficient allocation of societal resources than any design could achieve." They claim this spontaneous order (referred to as the extended order in Hayek's The Fatal Conceit) is superior to any order a human mind can design due to the specifics of the information required. Centralized statistical data, they suppose, cannot convey this information because the statistics are created by abstracting away from the particulars of the situation.

许多保守的理论家如哈耶克，认为市场经济是一种自发的秩序，“比任何设计都能实现的社会资源更有效的配置。”他们声称这种自发秩序（在哈耶克的致命的自负中被称为扩展的秩序）由于所需信息的特殊性而优于人类头脑所能设计的任何秩序。他们认为，集中的统计数据无法传达这种信息，因为统计数据是通过抽象地脱离具体的情况而产生的。

For Hayek, prices in a market economy are the aggregation of information acquired when the people who own resources are free to use their individual knowledge. Price then allows everyone dealing in a commodity or its substitutes to make decisions based on more information than he or she could personally acquire, information not statistically conveyable to a centralized authority. Interference from a central authority which affects price will have consequences they could not foresee because they do not know all of the particulars involved.

哈耶克认为，市场经济中的价格是拥有资源的人自由使用其个人知识时获得的信息的集合。价格就可以让每一个从事商品或其替代品交易的人根据更多的信息做出决策，而这些信息是他或她个人无法获得的，这些信息无法通过统计传达给中央权威机构。来自中央当局的干预如果影响到价格，将会产生他们无法预见的后果，因为他们不知道所有相关的细节。

According to Barry this is illustrated in the concept of the invisible hand proposed by Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nations. Thus in this view by acting on information with greater detail and accuracy than possible for any centralized authority, a more efficient economy is created to the benefit of a whole society.

根据巴里的观点，亚当·斯密Adam Smith在国富论中提出的看不见的手的概念就说明了这一点。因此，在这种观点中，通过比任何中央集权机构更详细、更准确地对信息采取行动，就能创造出更有效率的经济，使整个社会受益。

Lawrence Reed, president of the Foundation for Economic Education, describes spontaneous order as follows:

Spontaneous order is what happens when you leave people alone—when entrepreneurs... see the desires of people... and then provide for them.

They respond to market signals, to prices. Prices tell them what's needed and how urgently and where. And it's infinitely better and more productive than relying on a handful of elites in some distant bureaucracy.

Category:Anarcho-capitalism

类别: 无政府资本主义

Hayek, or at least his followers on the contemporary British and American political scene ‐ have wrongly inferred strong conclusions from these theories which are inimical to the welfare state by failing to reconcile the rule of law to social justice.

哈耶克，或者至少是他在当代英美政治舞台上的追随者--从这些理论中错误地推断出了强烈的结论，这些结论因未能调和法治与社会正义而与福利国家相悖。

Category:Systems theory

范畴: 系统论

Category:Self-organization

类别: 自我组织

Game studies

游戏研究

Category:Austrian School

类别: 奥地利学派

The concept of spontaneous order is closely related with modern game studies. As early as the 1940s, historian Johan Huizinga wrote that "in myth and ritual the great instinctive forces of civilized life have their origin: law and order, commerce and profit, craft and art, poetry, wisdom and science. All are rooted in the primeval soil of play." Following on this in his book The Fatal Conceit, Hayek notably wrote that "a game is indeed a clear instance of a process wherein obedience to common rules by elements pursuing different and even conflicting purposes results in overall order."

Category:Anarchist theory

类别: 无政府主义理论

Category:Libertarian theory

范畴: 自由意志主义理论

Anarchism

无政府主义

Category:Pattern formation

类别: 模式形成

This page was moved from wikipedia:en:Spontaneous order. Its edit history can be viewed at 自发秩序/edithistory