| | + | [[涌现]]一直是[[复杂系统]]中的一个重要特性,是许多关于系统[[复杂性]],以及宏微观之间关系讨论的核心概念<ref>Meehl P E, Sellars W. The concept of emergence[J]. Minnesota studies in the philosophy of science, 1956, 1239-252.</ref><ref name=":7">Holland J H. Emergence: From chaos to order[M]. OUP Oxford, 2000.</ref>。涌现可以简单理解为整体大于部分之和,即整体上展现出构成它的个体所不具备的新特性<ref>Anderson P W. More is different: broken symmetry and the nature of the hierarchical structure of science[J]. Science, 1972, 177(4047): 393-396.</ref>。尽管学者们在各个领域都指出存在涌现的现象<ref name=":7" /><ref>Holland, J.H. Hidden Order: How Adaptation Builds Complexity; Addison Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc.: Boston, MA, USA, 1996.</ref>,如鸟类的[[群体行为]]<ref>Reynolds, C.W. Flocks, herds and schools: A distributed behavioral model. In Proceedings of the 14th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, Anaheim, CA, USA, 27–31 July 1987; pp. 25–34.</ref>,大脑中的[[意识]]形成,以及大语言模型的[[涌现]]能力<ref>Wei, J.; Tay, Y.; Bommasani, R.; Raffel, C.; Zoph, B.; Borgeaud, S.; Yogatama, D.; Bosma, M.; Zhou, D.; Metzler, D.; et al. Emergent abilities of large language models. arXiv 2022, arXiv:2206.07682.</ref>,但目前还没有对这一现象普遍认可的统一理解。以往对涌现的研究大多停留在定性的阶段,如 Bedau et al<ref name=":9">Bedau, M.A. Weak emergence. Philos. Perspect. 1997, 11, 375–399. [CrossRef] </ref><ref>Bedau, M. Downward causation and the autonomy of weak emergence. Principia Int. J. Epistemol. 2002, 6, 5–50. </ref>对涌现进行了分类研究,即将涌现分为名义涌现<ref name=":10">Harré, R. The Philosophies of Science; Oxford University Press: New York, NY, USA , 1985.</ref><ref name=":11">Baas, N.A. Emergence, hierarchies, and hyperstructures. In Artificial Life III, SFI Studies in the Science of Complexity, XVII; Routledge: Abingdon, UK, 1994; pp. 515–537.</ref>、弱涌现<ref name=":9" /><ref>Newman, D.V. Emergence and strange attractors. Philos. Sci. 1996, 63, 245–261. [CrossRef]</ref>与强涌现<ref name=":12">Kim, J. ‘Downward causation’ in emergentism and nonreductive physicalism. In Emergence or Reduction; Walter de Gruyter: Berlin, Germany, 1992; pp. 119–138. </ref><ref name=":13">O’Connor, T. Emergent properties. Am. Philos. Q. 1994, 31, 91–104</ref>。 |
| | + | 此外,2020 年,Rosas 等<ref name=":5" />从[[信息论|信息理论]]视角出发,提出一种基于[[信息分解]]的方法来定义系统中的因果涌现,基于[[协同信息]]或者[[冗余信息]]来定量的刻画涌现。所谓的[[信息分解]]是分析[[复杂系统]]中各个变量复杂相互关系的一种新方法,通过对信息进行分解,用信息原子来表示每个部分信息,同时借助[[信息晶格图]]将每个部分信息投射到[[信息原子]]中,其中协同信息以及冗余信息都可以用对应的信息原子来表示。该方法建立在 Williams 和 Beer 等<ref name=":16">Williams P L, Beer R D. Nonnegative decomposition of multivariate information[J]. arXiv preprint arXiv:10042515, 2010.</ref>提出的[[多元信息非负分解]]理论的基础之上,文中使用[[部分信息分解]](PID)将微观态和宏观态的互信息进行分解。然而,PID 框架只能分解关于多个源变量和一个目标变量之间的互信息,Rosas 扩展了该框架,提出整合信息分解方法 <math>\Phi ID </math><ref name=":18">P. A. Mediano, F. Rosas, R. L. Carhart-Harris, A. K. Seth, A. B. Barrett, Beyond integrated information: A taxonomy of information dynamics phenomena, arXiv preprint arXiv:1909.02297 (2019).</ref>来处理多个源变量和多个目标变量之间的互信息,作者基于分解后的信息提出了两种因果涌现的定义方法。 |