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最后，哈耶克还认为亚当 · 斯密关于看不见的手的观点是对控制论中反馈机制运作的一种预期。<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Law, Legislation and Liberty: Volume 3: Political Order of a Free People|last=Hayek|first=Friedrich|publisher=Routledge|year=1998|isbn=|location=London|pages=158}}</ref>在《法律、立法与自由》中，哈耶克提到，经济学家应该更多的引用卡尔·路德维希·冯·贝塔郎非的一般系统理论中的科学发现，以及信息与通信理论和符号学。

最后，哈耶克还认为亚当 · 斯密关于看不见的手的观点是对控制论中反馈机制运作的一种预期。<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Law, Legislation and Liberty: Volume 3: Political Order of a Free People|last=Hayek|first=Friedrich|publisher=Routledge|year=1998|isbn=|location=London|pages=158}}</ref>在《法律、立法与自由》中，哈耶克提到，经济学家应该更多的引用卡尔·路德维希·冯·贝塔郎非的一般系统理论中的科学发现，以及信息与通信理论和符号学。

==Subdivisions of the field==

==领域细分 Subdivisions of the field==

Cybernetics is sometimes used as a generic term, which serves as an umbrella for many systems-related scientific fields.

Cybernetics is sometimes used as a generic term, which serves as an umbrella for many systems-related scientific fields.

=== Basic cybernetics ===

 

===基本控制论 Basic cybernetics ===

[[File:Honda ASIMO Walking Stairs.JPG|thumb|[[ASIMO]] uses sensors and sophisticated algorithms to avoid obstacles and navigate stairs.]]

[[File:Honda ASIMO Walking Stairs.JPG|thumb|[[ASIMO]] uses sensors and sophisticated algorithms to avoid obstacles and navigate stairs.]]

* [[Self-organization#Self-organization in cybernetics|Self-organization in cybernetics]]

* [[Self-organization#Self-organization in cybernetics|Self-organization in cybernetics]]

=== In biology ===

 

 

=== 生物学方面 In biology ===

Cybernetics in biology is the study of cybernetic systems present in biological organisms, primarily focusing on how animals adapt to their environment, and how information in the form of [[genes]] is passed from generation to generation. There is also a secondary focus on [[cyborg|combining artificial systems with biological systems]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mehrali|first=Mehdi|last2=Bagherifard|first2=Sara|last3=Akbari|first3=Mohsen|last4=Thakur|first4=Ashish|last5=Mirani|first5=Bahram|last6=Mehrali|first6=Mohammad|last7=Hasany|first7=Masoud|last8=Orive|first8=Gorka|last9=Dolatshahi‐Pirouz|first9=Alireza|date=October 2018|title=Flexible Bioelectronics: Blending Electronics with the Human Body: A Pathway toward a Cybernetic Future (Adv. Sci. 10/2018)|journal=Advanced Science|language=en|volume=5|issue=10|pages=1870059|doi=10.1002/advs.201870059|issn=2198-3844|pmc=6193153}}</ref> A notable application to the biology world would be that, in 1955, the physicist [[George Gamow]] published a prescient article in ''[[Scientific American]]'' called "Information transfer in the living cell", and cybernetics gave biologists [[Jacques Monod]] and [[François Jacob]] a language for formulating their early theory of [[gene regulatory network]]s in the 1960s.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://nautil.us/issue/35/boundaries/why-physics-is-not-a-discipline.|title=Why Physics Is Not a Discipline - Issue 35: Boundaries - Nautilus |website=Nautilus |access-date=2016-04-24}}</ref>

Cybernetics in biology is the study of cybernetic systems present in biological organisms, primarily focusing on how animals adapt to their environment, and how information in the form of [[genes]] is passed from generation to generation. There is also a secondary focus on [[cyborg|combining artificial systems with biological systems]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mehrali|first=Mehdi|last2=Bagherifard|first2=Sara|last3=Akbari|first3=Mohsen|last4=Thakur|first4=Ashish|last5=Mirani|first5=Bahram|last6=Mehrali|first6=Mohammad|last7=Hasany|first7=Masoud|last8=Orive|first8=Gorka|last9=Dolatshahi‐Pirouz|first9=Alireza|date=October 2018|title=Flexible Bioelectronics: Blending Electronics with the Human Body: A Pathway toward a Cybernetic Future (Adv. Sci. 10/2018)|journal=Advanced Science|language=en|volume=5|issue=10|pages=1870059|doi=10.1002/advs.201870059|issn=2198-3844|pmc=6193153}}</ref> A notable application to the biology world would be that, in 1955, the physicist [[George Gamow]] published a prescient article in ''[[Scientific American]]'' called "Information transfer in the living cell", and cybernetics gave biologists [[Jacques Monod]] and [[François Jacob]] a language for formulating their early theory of [[gene regulatory network]]s in the 1960s.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://nautil.us/issue/35/boundaries/why-physics-is-not-a-discipline.|title=Why Physics Is Not a Discipline - Issue 35: Boundaries - Nautilus |website=Nautilus |access-date=2016-04-24}}</ref>

* [[Autopoiesis]]

* [[Autopoiesis]]

* [[Practopoiesis]]

* [[Practopoiesis]]

=== In computer science ===

生物学中的控制论是研究生物有机体中的控制论系统，主要关注动物如何适应环境，以及基因形式的信息如何代代相传。还有一个次要的重点是将人工系统与生物系统相结合。<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mehrali|first=Mehdi|last2=Bagherifard|first2=Sara|last3=Akbari|first3=Mohsen|last4=Thakur|first4=Ashish|last5=Mirani|first5=Bahram|last6=Mehrali|first6=Mohammad|last7=Hasany|first7=Masoud|last8=Orive|first8=Gorka|last9=Dolatshahi‐Pirouz|first9=Alireza|date=October 2018|title=Flexible Bioelectronics: Blending Electronics with the Human Body: A Pathway toward a Cybernetic Future (Adv. Sci. 10/2018)|journal=Advanced Science|language=en|volume=5|issue=10|pages=1870059|doi=10.1002/advs.201870059|issn=2198-3844|pmc=6193153}}</ref>1955年，物理学家'''乔治 · 伽莫夫 George Gamow'''在《科学美国人》(Scientific American)上发表了一篇有先见之明的文章，名为《活细胞中的信息传递》(Information transfer in the living cell)。控制论为生物学家'''雅克 · 莫诺德 Jacques Monod'''和'''弗朗索瓦 · 雅各布 François Jacob'''提供了一门语言，让他们在20世纪60年代构建了早期的基因调控网络理论。

 

===计算机科学 In computer science ===

Computer science directly applies the concepts of cybernetics to the control of devices and the analysis of information.

Computer science directly applies the concepts of cybernetics to the control of devices and the analysis of information.

* [[Cellular automaton]]

* [[Cellular automaton]]

* [[Formal language]]s

* [[Formal language]]s

* [[Modal logic]]

* [[Modal logic]]

=== In engineering ===

=== In engineering ===