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In the past four decades, computational sociology has been introduced and gaining popularity {{According to whom|date=June 2017}}.  This has been used primarily for modeling or building explanations of social processes and are depending on the emergence of complex behavior from simple activities.<ref name="EACICS">Salgado, Mauricio, and Nigel Gilbert. "[http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/749319/1/Emergence%20and%20Communication%20-%20V3%201.pdf Emergence and communication in computational sociology]." Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 43.1 (2013): 87-110.</ref>  The idea behind emergence is that properties of any bigger system do not always have to be properties of the components that the system is made of.<ref>Macy, Michael W., and Robert Willer. "[http://sct.uab.cat/lsds/sites/sct.uab.cat.lsds/files/FROM%20FACTORS%20TO%20ACTORS%20(Macy%20and%20Willer%202002).pdf From factors to actors: computational sociology and agent-based modeling]." Annual review of sociology 28.1 (2002): 143-166.</ref>  The people responsible for the introduction of the idea of emergence are Alexander, Morgan, and Broad, who were classical emergentists.  The time at which these emergentists came up with this concept and method was during the time of the early twentieth century.  The aim of this method was to find a good enough accommodation between two different and extreme ontologies, which were reductionist materialism and dualism.<ref name="EACICS"/>  

In the past four decades, computational sociology has been introduced and gaining popularity {{According to whom|date=June 2017}}.  This has been used primarily for modeling or building explanations of social processes and are depending on the emergence of complex behavior from simple activities.<ref name="EACICS">Salgado, Mauricio, and Nigel Gilbert. "[http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/749319/1/Emergence%20and%20Communication%20-%20V3%201.pdf Emergence and communication in computational sociology]." Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 43.1 (2013): 87-110.</ref>  The idea behind emergence is that properties of any bigger system do not always have to be properties of the components that the system is made of.<ref>Macy, Michael W., and Robert Willer. "[http://sct.uab.cat/lsds/sites/sct.uab.cat.lsds/files/FROM%20FACTORS%20TO%20ACTORS%20(Macy%20and%20Willer%202002).pdf From factors to actors: computational sociology and agent-based modeling]." Annual review of sociology 28.1 (2002): 143-166.</ref>  The people responsible for the introduction of the idea of emergence are Alexander, Morgan, and Broad, who were classical emergentists.  The time at which these emergentists came up with this concept and method was during the time of the early twentieth century.  The aim of this method was to find a good enough accommodation between two different and extreme ontologies, which were reductionist materialism and dualism.<ref name="EACICS"/>  

In the past four decades, computational sociology has been introduced and gaining popularity .  This has been used primarily for modeling or building explanations of social processes and are depending on the emergence of complex behavior from simple activities.  The idea behind emergence is that properties of any bigger system do not always have to be properties of the components that the system is made of.  The people responsible for the introduction of the idea of emergence are Alexander, Morgan, and Broad, who were classical emergentists.  The time at which these emergentists came up with this concept and method was during the time of the early twentieth century.  The aim of this method was to find a good enough accommodation between two different and extreme ontologies, which were reductionist materialism and dualism.  

In the past four decades, computational sociology has been introduced and gaining popularity.  This has been used primarily for modeling or building explanations of social processes and are depending on the emergence of complex behavior from simple activities.  The idea behind emergence is that properties of any bigger system do not always have to be properties of the components that the system is made of.  The people responsible for the introduction of the idea of emergence are Alexander, Morgan, and Broad, who were classical emergentists.  The time at which these emergentists came up with this concept and method was during the time of the early twentieth century.  The aim of this method was to find a good enough accommodation between two different and extreme ontologies, which were reductionist materialism and dualism.  

While emergence has had a valuable and important role with the foundation of Computational Sociology, there are those who do not necessarily agree.  One major leader in the field, Epstein, doubted the use because there were aspects that are unexplainable.  Epstein put up a claim against emergentism, in which he says it "is precisely the generative sufficiency of the parts that constitutes the whole's explanation".

While emergence has had a valuable and important role with the foundation of Computational Sociology, there are those who do not necessarily agree.  One major leader in the field, Epstein, doubted the use because there were aspects that are unexplainable.  Epstein put up a claim against emergentism, in which he says it "is precisely the generative sufficiency of the parts that constitutes the whole's explanation".

Agent-based models have had a historical influence on Computational Sociology.  These models first came around in the 1960s, and were used to simulate control and feedback processes in organizations, cities, etc.  During the 1970s, the application introduced the use of individuals as the main units for the analyses and used bottom-up strategies for modeling behaviors.  The last wave occurred in the 1980s.  At this time, the models were still bottom-up; the only difference is that the agents interact interdependently.<ref name="EACICS"/>

Agent-based models have had a historical influence on Computational Sociology.  These models first came around in the 1960s, and were used to simulate control and feedback processes in organizations, cities, etc.  During the 1970s, the application introduced the use of individuals as the main units for the analyses and used bottom-up strategies for modeling behaviors.  The last wave occurred in the 1980s.  At this time, the models were still bottom-up; the only difference is that the agents interact interdependently.<ref name="EACICS"/>

Agent-based models have had a historical influence on Computational Sociology.   These models first came around in the 1960s, and were used to simulate control and feedback processes in organizations, cities, etc.  During the 1970s, the application introduced the use of individuals as the main units for the analyses and used bottom-up strategies for modeling behaviors.  The last wave occurred in the 1980s.  At this time, the models were still bottom-up; the only difference is that the agents interact interdependently.

Agent-based models have had a historical influence on Computational Sociology. These models first came around in the 1960s, and were used to simulate control and feedback processes in organizations, cities, etc.  During the 1970s, the application introduced the use of individuals as the main units for the analyses and used bottom-up strategies for modeling behaviors.  The last wave occurred in the 1980s.  At this time, the models were still bottom-up; the only difference is that the agents interact interdependently.

基于代理的模型对计算社会学有着历史性的影响。这些模型最早出现在20世纪60年代，用于模拟组织、城市等的控制和反馈过程。在20世纪70年代，应用程序引入了个体作为分析的主要单元，并使用自下而上的策略来建模行为。最后一波浪潮发生在20世纪80年代。在这个时候，模型仍然是自下而上的; 唯一的区别是代理互相依赖地相互作用。

在20世纪70年代，应用程序引入了个体作为分析的主要单元，并使用自下而上的策略来建模行为。最后一波浪潮发生在20世纪80年代。在这个时候，模型仍然是自下而上的; 唯一的区别是代理互相依赖地相互作用。

===Systems theory and structural functionalism===

===Systems theory and structural functionalism===