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In the past four decades, computational sociology has been introduced and gaining popularity {{According to whom|date=June 2017}}.  This has been used primarily for modeling or building explanations of social processes and are depending on the emergence of complex behavior from simple activities.<ref name="EACICS">Salgado, Mauricio, and Nigel Gilbert. "[http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/749319/1/Emergence%20and%20Communication%20-%20V3%201.pdf Emergence and communication in computational sociology]." Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 43.1 (2013): 87-110.</ref>  The idea behind emergence is that properties of any bigger system do not always have to be properties of the components that the system is made of.<ref>Macy, Michael W., and Robert Willer. "[http://sct.uab.cat/lsds/sites/sct.uab.cat.lsds/files/FROM%20FACTORS%20TO%20ACTORS%20(Macy%20and%20Willer%202002).pdf From factors to actors: computational sociology and agent-based modeling]." Annual review of sociology 28.1 (2002): 143-166.</ref>  The people responsible for the introduction of the idea of emergence are Alexander, Morgan, and Broad, who were classical emergentists.  The time at which these emergentists came up with this concept and method was during the time of the early twentieth century.  The aim of this method was to find a good enough accommodation between two different and extreme ontologies, which were reductionist materialism and dualism.<ref name="EACICS"/>  
 
In the past four decades, computational sociology has been introduced and gaining popularity {{According to whom|date=June 2017}}.  This has been used primarily for modeling or building explanations of social processes and are depending on the emergence of complex behavior from simple activities.<ref name="EACICS">Salgado, Mauricio, and Nigel Gilbert. "[http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/749319/1/Emergence%20and%20Communication%20-%20V3%201.pdf Emergence and communication in computational sociology]." Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 43.1 (2013): 87-110.</ref>  The idea behind emergence is that properties of any bigger system do not always have to be properties of the components that the system is made of.<ref>Macy, Michael W., and Robert Willer. "[http://sct.uab.cat/lsds/sites/sct.uab.cat.lsds/files/FROM%20FACTORS%20TO%20ACTORS%20(Macy%20and%20Willer%202002).pdf From factors to actors: computational sociology and agent-based modeling]." Annual review of sociology 28.1 (2002): 143-166.</ref>  The people responsible for the introduction of the idea of emergence are Alexander, Morgan, and Broad, who were classical emergentists.  The time at which these emergentists came up with this concept and method was during the time of the early twentieth century.  The aim of this method was to find a good enough accommodation between two different and extreme ontologies, which were reductionist materialism and dualism.<ref name="EACICS"/>  
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In the past four decades, computational sociology has been introduced and gaining popularity .  This has been used primarily for modeling or building explanations of social processes and are depending on the emergence of complex behavior from simple activities.  The idea behind emergence is that properties of any bigger system do not always have to be properties of the components that the system is made of.  The people responsible for the introduction of the idea of emergence are Alexander, Morgan, and Broad, who were classical emergentists.  The time at which these emergentists came up with this concept and method was during the time of the early twentieth century.  The aim of this method was to find a good enough accommodation between two different and extreme ontologies, which were reductionist materialism and dualism.  
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In the past four decades, computational sociology has been introduced and gaining popularity.  This has been used primarily for modeling or building explanations of social processes and are depending on the emergence of complex behavior from simple activities.  The idea behind emergence is that properties of any bigger system do not always have to be properties of the components that the system is made of.  The people responsible for the introduction of the idea of emergence are Alexander, Morgan, and Broad, who were classical emergentists.  The time at which these emergentists came up with this concept and method was during the time of the early twentieth century.  The aim of this method was to find a good enough accommodation between two different and extreme ontologies, which were reductionist materialism and dualism.  
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在过去的四十年里,计算社会学诞生并且越来越受欢迎。
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在过去的四十年里,计算社会学诞生并且越来越受欢迎。这主要用于建模或构建社会过程的解释,并且依赖于从简单活动中'''涌现 Emergence'''的复杂行为。涌现背后的思想是,任何较大系统不总是必须和组成系统的部分具有一样的性质。引入涌现思想的人是亚历山大 Alexander、摩根 Morgan 和布罗德 Broad ,他们都是'''经典涌现主义者 Classical Emergentists'''。经典涌现主义者提出这个概念和方法的时间是在二十世纪初期。这种方法的目的是在还原论的唯物主义和二元论这两种不同的本体论之间找到一个足够好的调和。
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这主要用于建模或构建社会过程的解释,并且依赖于从简单活动中出现的复杂行为。涌现背后的思想是,任何较大系统的性质,并不总是必须是组成系统的组件的性质。引入涌现思想的人是亚历山大、摩根和布罗德,他们都是古典出现主义者。这些再生派提出这个概念和方法的时间是在二十世纪初期。这种方法的目的是在两种不同的极端本体论之间找到一个足够好的调和,即还原论的唯物主义和二元论。
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While emergence has had a valuable and important role with the foundation of Computational Sociology, there are those who do not necessarily agree.  One major leader in the field, Epstein, doubted the use because there were aspects that are unexplainable.  Epstein put up a claim against emergentism, in which he says it "is precisely the generative sufficiency of the parts that constitutes the whole's explanation".
 
While emergence has had a valuable and important role with the foundation of Computational Sociology, there are those who do not necessarily agree.  One major leader in the field, Epstein, doubted the use because there were aspects that are unexplainable.  Epstein put up a claim against emergentism, in which he says it "is precisely the generative sufficiency of the parts that constitutes the whole's explanation".
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虽然崛起在计算社会学的基础上发挥了宝贵而重要的作用,但也有人不一定同意。该领域的一个主要领导者,爱泼斯坦,怀疑这种用法,因为有些方面是无法解释的。爱泼斯坦提出了反对“突现主义”的观点,他在其中表示,“正是构成整体解释的各个部分的生成性充分性”。
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虽然涌现在计算社会学的建立上发挥了宝贵而重要的作用,但也有人不太同意。该领域的一个主要人物爱泼斯坦 Epstein 对这种用法持怀疑态度,因为有些方面是这个用法无法解释的。爱泼斯坦提出了一种反对“涌现主义”的观点,他表示,“正是这些部分的有生成意义的充分性构成了对整体的解释”。
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Agent-based models have had a historical influence on Computational Sociology.  These models first came around in the 1960s, and were used to simulate control and feedback processes in organizations, cities, etc.  During the 1970s, the application introduced the use of individuals as the main units for the analyses and used bottom-up strategies for modeling behaviors.  The last wave occurred in the 1980s.  At this time, the models were still bottom-up; the only difference is that the agents interact interdependently.<ref name="EACICS"/>
 
Agent-based models have had a historical influence on Computational Sociology.  These models first came around in the 1960s, and were used to simulate control and feedback processes in organizations, cities, etc.  During the 1970s, the application introduced the use of individuals as the main units for the analyses and used bottom-up strategies for modeling behaviors.  The last wave occurred in the 1980s.  At this time, the models were still bottom-up; the only difference is that the agents interact interdependently.<ref name="EACICS"/>
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Agent-based models have had a historical influence on Computational Sociology.   These models first came around in the 1960s, and were used to simulate control and feedback processes in organizations, cities, etc.  During the 1970s, the application introduced the use of individuals as the main units for the analyses and used bottom-up strategies for modeling behaviors.  The last wave occurred in the 1980s.  At this time, the models were still bottom-up; the only difference is that the agents interact interdependently.
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Agent-based models have had a historical influence on Computational Sociology. These models first came around in the 1960s, and were used to simulate control and feedback processes in organizations, cities, etc.  During the 1970s, the application introduced the use of individuals as the main units for the analyses and used bottom-up strategies for modeling behaviors.  The last wave occurred in the 1980s.  At this time, the models were still bottom-up; the only difference is that the agents interact interdependently.
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基于代理的模型对计算社会学有着历史性的影响。这些模型最早出现在20世纪60年代,用于模拟组织、城市等的控制和反馈过程。在20世纪70年代,应用程序引入了个体作为分析的主要单元,并使用自下而上的策略来建模行为。最后一波浪潮发生在20世纪80年代。在这个时候,模型仍然是自下而上的; 唯一的区别是代理互相依赖地相互作用。
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'''基于主体的模型Agent-based Models'''对计算社会学有着历史性的影响。这些模型最早出现在20世纪60年代,用于仿真模拟组织、城市等系统的控制和反馈过程。
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在20世纪70年代,应用程序引入了个体作为分析的主要单元,并使用自下而上的策略来建模行为。最后一波浪潮发生在20世纪80年代。在这个时候,模型仍然是自下而上的; 唯一的区别是代理互相依赖地相互作用。
    
===Systems theory and structural functionalism===
 
===Systems theory and structural functionalism===
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