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Boids is an artificial life program, developed by Craig Reynolds in 1986, which simulates the flocking behaviour of birds. His paper on this topic was published in 1987 in the proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH conference. <ref>{{Cite book
Boids is an artificial life program, developed by Craig Reynolds in 1986, which simulates the flocking behaviour of birds. His paper on this topic was published in 1987 in the proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH conference. <ref>{{Cite book
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'''鸟群算法 Boids'''是模拟鸟类群集行为的人工生命项目，由'''克雷格·雷诺兹 Craig Reynolds'''于1986年开发。他关于这个主题的论文发表在1987年的 ACM SIGGRAPH（美国计算机协会计算机图形专业组组织的计算机图形学顶级年度会议）会议记录上。“ boid”是“ bird-oid object”的缩写，指一个类鸟对象。恰巧，“boid”也是纽约都市方言中“bird”的发音。
'''鸟群算法 Boids'''是模拟鸟类群集行为的人工生命项目，由'''克雷格·雷诺兹 Craig Reynolds'''于1986年开发。该模型基于常用于计算机动画或计算机辅助设计的计算机三维几何。他关于这个主题的论文发表在1987年的 ACM SIGGRAPH（美国计算机协会计算机图形专业组组织的计算机图形学顶级年度会议）会议记录上。“ boid”是“ bird-oid object”的缩写，指一个类鸟对象。恰巧，“boid”也是纽约都市方言中“bird”的发音。
--[[用户:Dorr|Dorr]]（[[用户讨论:Dorr|讨论]]）补充自http://www.red3d.com/cwr/boids/：It was based on three dimensional computational geometry of the sort normally used in computer animation or computer aided design.
{{multiple image|direction=vertical|image1=Rule separation.gif|caption1=Separation|image2=Rule alignment.gif|caption2=Alignment|image3=Rule cohesion.gif|caption3=Cohesion|header=Rules applied in simple Boids}}
{{multiple image|direction=vertical|image1=Rule separation.gif|caption1=Separation|image2=Rule alignment.gif|caption2=Alignment|image3=Rule cohesion.gif|caption3=Cohesion|header=Rules applied in simple Boids}}
As with most artificial life simulations, Boids is an example of emergent behavior; that is, the complexity of Boids arises from the interaction of individual agents (the boids, in this case) adhering to a set of simple rules. The rules applied in the simplest Boids world are as follows:
As with most artificial life simulations, Boids is an example of emergent behavior; that is, the complexity of Boids arises from the interaction of individual agents (the boids, in this case) adhering to a set of simple rules. The rules applied in the simplest Boids world are as follows:
与大多数人工生命模拟一样，Boids 是'''涌现 Emergent'''行为的一个例子; 也就是说，Boids 的复杂性来自于遵循一系列简单规则的个体代理（这里是 Boids）的相互作用。在最简单的Bolds 世界中适用的规则如下:
与大多数人工生命模拟一样，Boids 是'''涌现 Emergent'''行为的一个例子; 也就是说，Boids 的复杂性来自于遵循一系列简单规则的个体代理（这里是 Boids）的相互作用。在最简单的Bolds 世界中适用的规则如下，其描述了鸟群中的个体如何根据周边同伴的位置和速度移动:
* '''分离 Separation''': 避开当地同类拥挤处
* '''分离 Separation''': 移动以避开群体拥挤处
* '''对齐 Alignment''': 转向群体的平均航向
* '''靠近 Cohesion''': 朝群体的平均位置（质心）移动
每个 boid 个体都可以得知整体的几何参数，但群体要求其只对其周围某个小邻近范围作出反应。该邻近范围由一个距离（从该个体的中心算起）和一个角度（从其飞行方向算起）决定。此范围外的同伴不予考虑。该临近范围可以认为是一个有限知觉的模型（就像浑浊的水中的鱼一样）；但更恰当的想法可能是，其定义了鸟群影响了个体转向的区域范围。
--[[用户:Dorr|Dorr]]（[[用户讨论:Dorr|讨论]]）补充自http://www.red3d.com/cwr/boids/：Each boid has direct access to the whole scene's geometric description, but flocking requires that it reacts only to flockmates within a certain small neighborhood around itself. The neighborhood is characterized by a distance (measured from the center of the boid) and an angle, measured from the boid's direction of flight. Flockmates outside this local neighborhood are ignored. The neighborhood could be considered a model of limited perception (as by fish in murky water) but it is probably more correct to think of it as defining the region in which flockmates influence a boids steering.
More complex rules can be added, such as obstacle avoidance and goal seeking.
More complex rules can be added, such as obstacle avoidance and goal seeking.
and for optimization tasks.<ref>
and for optimization tasks.<ref>
{{cite journal
{{cite journal
| doi 10.1504 / IJICA. 2009.031778} / ref
| doi 10.1504 / IJICA. 2009.031778} / ref
Boids 模型已经被用于其他有趣应用。该系统已应用于互联网多频道广播电台的自动节目编排，以及可视化信息和优化任务。
==See also 参见==
*[[Swarm intelligence]] 群体智能
*[[Swarm intelligence]]
*[[Collective cell migration]] 集体细胞迁移
==References 参考资料==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
==External links 外部链接==
* [http://www.red3d.com/cwr/boids/ Craig Reynolds' Boids page]
* [http://www.red3d.com/cwr/boids/ Craig Reynolds' Boids page]
==编者推荐==
===[https://campus.swarma.org/ 集智学园]课程：[https://campus.swarma.org/course/1104 透过人工鸟群Boid模型学习List的使用]===
讲师：[[张江]](北师大系统科学学院教授、博士生导师，集智俱乐部、集智学园创始人。)
本课程通过数个案例教会大家如何去动手搭建一个多主体仿真模型，以及如何利用NetLogo去实现。从生命游戏到人工鸟群，从模拟经济系统到病毒沿网络的传播，通过循序渐进的案例，该课程带你逐步走入NetLogo多主体建模的神奇世界。
===[https://swarma.org/ 集智俱乐部]扩展阅读：[https://swarma.org/?p=16504 张江：乌合之众还是群智涌现？鸟群知道答案]===
生命如何起源，智能如何涌现，因果如何反转，复杂谜题，引人深思。2019年7月13日，集智俱乐部创始人[[张江]]教授在混沌大学授课，详细解读了复杂系统中的混沌、涌现与进化，此文整理自课堂内容。
==[https://v.qq.com/x/page/z13491sn7fy.html 动画片《Stanley and Stella in: Breaking the Ice (1987)》]
[[Category:Artificial life]]
[[Category:Artificial life]]