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The second law of thermodynamics may be expressed in many specific ways, the most prominent classical statements being the statement by Rudolf Clausius (1854), the statement by Lord Kelvin (1851), and the statement in axiomatic thermodynamics by Constantin Carathéodory (1909). These statements cast the law in general physical terms citing the impossibility of certain processes. The Clausius and the Kelvin statements have been shown to be equivalent.

The second law of thermodynamics may be expressed in many specific ways, the most prominent classical statements being the statement by Rudolf Clausius (1854), the statement by Lord Kelvin (1851), and the statement in axiomatic thermodynamics by Constantin Carathéodory (1909). These statements cast the law in general physical terms citing the impossibility of certain processes. The Clausius and the Kelvin statements have been shown to be equivalent.

热力学第二定律可以用许多特定的方式来表达，最突出的经典陈述是 '''克劳修斯 Rudolf Clausius''' (1854)陈述，'''开尔文 Kelvin''' (1851)陈述，以及康斯坦丁·卡拉西奥多里 Constantin Carathéodory(1909)在公理化热力学中的陈述。这些陈述用一般的物理术语来描述定律，引用某些过程的不可能性。克劳修斯和开尔文表述被证明是等价的。

热力学第二定律可以用许多特定的方式来表达，最突出的经典陈述是 '''克劳修斯 Rudolf Clausius''' (1854)<font color = 'red'><s>陈述</s></font><font color = 'blue'>表述</font>，'''开尔文 Kelvin''' (1851)<font color = 'red'><s>陈述</s></font><font color = 'blue'>表述</font>，以及康斯坦丁·卡拉西奥多里 Constantin Carathéodory(1909)在'''公理化热力学axiomatic thermodynamics'''中的<font color = 'red'><s>陈述</s></font><font color = 'blue'>表述</font>。这些<font color = 'red'><s>陈述</s></font><font color = 'blue'>表述</font>用一般的物理术语来描述定律，引用某些过程的不可能性。克劳修斯和开尔文表述被证明是等价的。

   --[[用户:厚朴|厚朴]]（[[用户讨论:厚朴|讨论]]）statement的表述需要统一，同样的statement by Rudolf Clausius这里需要统一开尔文 克劳修斯 Kelvin Clausius

   --[[用户:厚朴|厚朴]]（[[用户讨论:厚朴|讨论]]）statement的表述需要统一，同样的statement by Rudolf Clausius这里需要统一开尔文 克劳修斯 Kelvin Clausius

   

   

The historical origin of the second law of thermodynamics was in Carnot's principle. It refers to a cycle of a Carnot heat engine, fictively operated in the limiting mode of extreme slowness known as quasi-static, so that the heat and work transfers are between subsystems that are always in their own internal states of thermodynamic equilibrium. The Carnot engine is an idealized device of special interest to engineers who are concerned with the efficiency of heat engines. Carnot's principle was recognized by Carnot at a time when the caloric theory of heat was seriously considered, before the recognition of the first law of thermodynamics, and before the mathematical expression of the concept of entropy. Interpreted in the light of the first law, it is physically equivalent to the second law of thermodynamics, and remains valid today. Carnot's original arguments were made from the viewpoint of the caloric theory, before the discovery of the first law of thermodynamics. Some samples from his book are:

The historical origin of the second law of thermodynamics was in Carnot's principle. It refers to a cycle of a Carnot heat engine, fictively operated in the limiting mode of extreme slowness known as quasi-static, so that the heat and work transfers are between subsystems that are always in their own internal states of thermodynamic equilibrium. The Carnot engine is an idealized device of special interest to engineers who are concerned with the efficiency of heat engines. Carnot's principle was recognized by Carnot at a time when the caloric theory of heat was seriously considered, before the recognition of the first law of thermodynamics, and before the mathematical expression of the concept of entropy. Interpreted in the light of the first law, it is physically equivalent to the second law of thermodynamics, and remains valid today. Carnot's original arguments were made from the viewpoint of the caloric theory, before the discovery of the first law of thermodynamics. Some samples from his book are:

卡诺热机是研究热机效率的工程师特别感兴趣的理想装置。

卡诺热机是研究热机效率的工程师特别感兴趣的理想装置。

根据第一定律的解释，它在物理上等同于热力学第二定律，并沿用至今。

根据第一定律的解释，它在物理上等同于热力学第二定律，并沿用至今。

在热力学第一定律被发现之前，卡诺最初的论点是从热量理论的观点出发的。

在热力学第一定律被发现之前，卡诺最初的论点是从热量理论的观点出发的。

...wherever there exists a difference of temperature, motive power can be produced.

...wherever there exists a difference of temperature, motive power can be produced.

The production of motive power is then due in steam engines not to an actual consumption of caloric, but to its transportation from a warm body to a cold body ...

The production of motive power is then due in steam engines not to an actual consumption of caloric, but to its transportation from a warm body to a cold body ...