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工作记忆是一种能临时容纳有限信息的认知系统，对于推理、决策倾向和行为倾向起到至关作用。工作记忆常被用作短期记忆的同义词，但一些理论学者认为工作记忆可以处理所调用的既存信息，而短期记忆仅指短期存储的信息，故二者是不同的。工作记忆是认知心理学、神经心理学和神经科学的核心理论概念。
工作记忆是一种能临时容纳有限信息的认知系统，对于推理、决策倾向和行为倾向起到至关作用。工作记忆常被用作短期记忆的同义词，但一些理论学者认为工作记忆可以处理所调用的既存信息，而短期记忆仅指短期存储的信息，故二者是不同的。工作记忆是认知心理学、神经心理学和神经科学的核心理论概念。
== History ==
== History ==
The term "working memory" was coined by Miller, Galanter, and Pribram, and was used in the 1960s in the context of theories that likened the mind to a computer. In 1968, Atkinson and Shiffrin used the term to describe their "short-term store". What we now call working memory was formerly referred to variously as a "short-term store" or short-term memory, primary memory, immediate memory, operant memory, and provisional memory. Short-term memory is the ability to remember information over a brief period (in the order of seconds). Most theorists today use the concept of working memory to replace or include the older concept of short-term memory, marking a stronger emphasis on the notion of manipulating information rather than mere maintenance.
The term "working memory" was coined by Miller, Galanter, and Pribram, and was used in the 1960s in the context of theories that likened the mind to a computer. In 1968, Atkinson and Shiffrin used the term to describe their "short-term store". What we now call working memory was formerly referred to variously as a "short-term store" or short-term memory, primary memory, immediate memory, operant memory, and provisional memory. Short-term memory is the ability to remember information over a brief period (in the order of seconds). Most theorists today use the concept of working memory to replace or include the older concept of short-term memory, marking a stronger emphasis on the notion of manipulating information rather than mere maintenance.
“工作记忆”这个术语由米勒 Miller、加兰特 Galanter和普里布拉姆 Pribram 提出，在20世纪60年代用于把大脑类比作计算机的理论中。1968年，阿特金森 Atkinson和谢福林 Shiffrin 用该术语来表述“短期存储”。我们现在所说的工作记忆就是之前的“短期存储”、“短期记忆”、“初级记忆”、“即时记忆”、“操作记忆”或“临时记忆”。短期记忆是在是在再短时间内（以秒为单位）记住信息的能力。大多数理论学者现在使用的“工作记忆”概念取代或包含了早期“短期记忆”的概念，体现出不仅维持而且强调信息操纵的观念。
“工作记忆”这个术语由米勒 Miller、加兰特 Galanter和普里布拉姆 Pribram 提出，在20世纪60年代用于把大脑类比作计算机的理论中。1968年，阿特金森 Atkinson和谢福林 Shiffrin 用该术语来表述“短期存储”。我们现在所说的工作记忆就是之前的“短期存储”、“短期记忆”、“初级记忆”、“即时记忆”、“操作记忆”或“临时记忆”。短期记忆是在是在再短时间内（以秒为单位）记住信息的能力。大多数理论学者现在使用的“工作记忆”概念取代或包含了早期“短期记忆”的概念，体现出更强调信息操纵的观念。
The earliest mention of experiments on the neural basis of working memory can be traced back to more than 100 years ago, when Hitzig and Ferrier described ablation experiments of the prefrontal cortex (PFC); they concluded that the frontal cortex was important for cognitive rather than sensory processes. In 1935 and 1936, Carlyle Jacobsen and colleagues were the first to show the deleterious effect of prefrontal ablation on delayed response.
The earliest mention of experiments on the neural basis of working memory can be traced back to more than 100 years ago, when Hitzig and Ferrier described ablation experiments of the prefrontal cortex (PFC); they concluded that the frontal cortex was important for cognitive rather than sensory processes. In 1935 and 1936, Carlyle Jacobsen and colleagues were the first to show the deleterious effect of prefrontal ablation on delayed response.
最早提及工作记忆神经学基础的实验最早可追溯到100多年前，希齐格 Hitzig 和费里尔 Ferrier 用于描述前额叶皮质消融实验研究（PFC），当时得出结论认为额叶皮层对认知程序比对感官程序更重要。在1935年和1936年， 卡莱尔 · 雅各布森 Carlyle Jacobsen及其同事们首次揭示了前额叶切除对延时反映的不良影响。