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→儿童期 Childhood
Measures of performance on tests of working memory increase continuously between early childhood and adolescence, while the structure of correlations between different tests remains largely constant. theorists have argued that the growth of working-memory capacity is a major driving force of cognitive development. This hypothesis has received substantial empirical support from studies showing that the capacity of working memory is a strong predictor of cognitive abilities in childhood. Particularly strong evidence for a role of working memory for development comes from a longitudinal study showing that working-memory capacity at one age predicts reasoning ability at a later age. Studies in the Neo-Piagetian tradition have added to this picture by analyzing the complexity of cognitive tasks in terms of the number of items or relations that have to be considered simultaneously for a solution. Across a broad range of tasks, children manage task versions of the same level of complexity at about the same age, consistent with the view that working memory capacity limits the complexity they can handle at a given age. Although neuroscience studies support the notion that children rely on prefrontal cortex for performing various working memory tasks, an fMRI meta-analysis on children compared to adults performing the n back task revealed lack of consistent prefrontal cortex activation in children, while posterior regions including the insular cortex and cerebellum remain intact.
Measures of performance on tests of working memory increase continuously between early childhood and adolescence, while the structure of correlations between different tests remains largely constant. theorists have argued that the growth of working-memory capacity is a major driving force of cognitive development. This hypothesis has received substantial empirical support from studies showing that the capacity of working memory is a strong predictor of cognitive abilities in childhood. Particularly strong evidence for a role of working memory for development comes from a longitudinal study showing that working-memory capacity at one age predicts reasoning ability at a later age. Studies in the Neo-Piagetian tradition have added to this picture by analyzing the complexity of cognitive tasks in terms of the number of items or relations that have to be considered simultaneously for a solution. Across a broad range of tasks, children manage task versions of the same level of complexity at about the same age, consistent with the view that working memory capacity limits the complexity they can handle at a given age. Although neuroscience studies support the notion that children rely on prefrontal cortex for performing various working memory tasks, an fMRI meta-analysis on children compared to adults performing the n back task revealed lack of consistent prefrontal cortex activation in children, while posterior regions including the insular cortex and cerebellum remain intact.
工作记忆的测试成绩在儿童早期和青少年期间不断增加，而不同测试之间的相关性结构基本保持不变。理论学者主张工作记忆容量的增长是认知发展的主要驱动力之一。这一假设得到了大量实证研究的支持，研究表明工作记忆能力是童年认知能力的一个强预测因子。工作记忆对发展所起作用的有力证明来自一项追踪研究，该研究表明某年龄工作记忆能力可预测后续年龄的推理能力。 对新皮亚杰传统的的研究也增加到这一图景，该研究分析了认知任务复杂性(情境下需要同时考虑的项目、关系的数量)。在一系列广泛的任务中，相同年龄段的儿童可处理大约同等难度的任务，这与特定年龄的工作记忆容量限制他们能够处理的复杂度的观点一致。虽然神经科学研究支持儿童依靠脑前额叶皮层来完成各种各种工作记忆任务，但一项功能性磁共振成象元分析对比了儿童和成人在n back任务的表现，发现相较而言儿童缺乏持续的脑前额叶皮层激活，而后部区域包括到叶皮质和小脑都没问题。
工作记忆的测试成绩在儿童早期和青少年期间不断增加，而不同测试之间的相关性结构基本保持不变。理论学者主张工作记忆容量的增长是认知发展的主要驱动力之一。这一假设得到了大量实证研究的支持，研究表明工作记忆能力是童年认知能力的一个强预测因子。工作记忆对发展所起作用的有力证明来自一项追踪研究，该研究表明某年龄工作记忆能力可预测后续年龄的推理能力。 对新皮亚杰传统的的研究也增加到这一图景，该研究分析了认知任务复杂性（情境下需要同时考虑的项目、关系的数量）。在一系列广泛的任务中，相同年龄段的儿童可处理大约同等难度的任务，这与特定年龄的工作记忆容量限制他们能够处理的复杂度的观点一致。虽然神经科学研究支持儿童依靠脑前额叶皮层来完成各种各种工作记忆任务，但一项功能性磁共振成象元分析对比了儿童和成人在n back任务的表现，发现相较而言儿童缺乏持续的脑前额叶皮层激活，而后部区域包括到叶皮质和小脑都没问题。
=== 老化 Aging ===
=== 老化 Aging ===