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→Compositional containment hierarchy
A compositional containment hierarchy is an ordering of the parts that make up a system—the system is "composed" of these parts. Most engineered structures, whether natural or artificial, can be broken down in this manner.
A compositional containment hierarchy is an ordering of the parts that make up a system—the system is "composed" of these parts. Most engineered structures, whether natural or artificial, can be broken down in this manner.
<font color="#32CD32">组合包容层次结构 Compositional containment hierarchy</font>是组成系统的各个部分的顺序——系统是由这些部分“组成”的。大多数工程结构，无论是自然的还是人工的，都可以用这种方式分解。
The compositional hierarchy that every person encounters at every moment is the hierarchy of life. Every person can be reduced to organ systems, which are composed of organs, which are composed of tissues, which are composed of cells, which are composed of molecules, which are composed of atoms. In fact, the last two levels apply to all matter, at least at the macroscopic scale. Moreover, each of these levels inherit all the properties of their children.
The compositional hierarchy that every person encounters at every moment is the hierarchy of life. Every person can be reduced to organ systems, which are composed of organs, which are composed of tissues, which are composed of cells, which are composed of molecules, which are composed of atoms. In fact, the last two levels apply to all matter, at least at the macroscopic scale. Moreover, each of these levels inherit all the properties of their children.
每个人每时每刻都会遇到的组合层次就是生命的层次。每个人都可以归结为器官系统，器官系统是由组织构成的，组织是由细胞构成的，分子是由原子构成的。事实上至少在宏观，最后两个层次适用于所有物质。此外，每个级别都继承了它们子级别的所有属性。
In this particular example, there are also emergent properties—functions that are not seen at the lower level (e.g., cognition is not a property of neurons but is of the brain)—and a scalar quality (molecules are bigger than atoms, cells are bigger than molecules, etc.). Both of these concepts commonly exist in compositional hierarchies, but they are not a required general property. These level hierarchies are characterized by bi-directional causation. Upward causation involves lower-level entities causing some property of a higher level entity; children entities may interact to yield parent entities, and parents are composed at least partly by their children. Downward causation refers to the effect that the incorporation of entity x into a higher-level entity can have on xs properties and interactions. Furthermore, the entities found at each level are autonomous.
In this particular example, there are also emergent properties—functions that are not seen at the lower level (e.g., cognition is not a property of neurons but is of the brain)—and a scalar quality (molecules are bigger than atoms, cells are bigger than molecules, etc.). Both of these concepts commonly exist in compositional hierarchies, but they are not a required general property. These level hierarchies are characterized by bi-directional causation. Upward causation involves lower-level entities causing some property of a higher level entity; children entities may interact to yield parent entities, and parents are composed at least partly by their children. Downward causation refers to the effect that the incorporation of entity x into a higher-level entity can have on xs properties and interactions. Furthermore, the entities found at each level are autonomous.
在这个特定的例子中，还有一些涌现特性——在较低层次上看不到的功能（例如认知不是神经元的特性，而是大脑的特性）——以及标度特性（分子比原子大，细胞比分子大等等）。这两个概念通常都存在于组合层次结构中，但它们不是必要的一般属性。这些层次结构是拥有属性的双向因果关系。涉及较低层次实体的向上因果关系导致较高层次实体的某些属性；子实体可以相互作用产生父实体，并且父实体至少部分由他们的子实体组成。向下因果关系是指将实体 x 并入更高级别的实体可能对 x 的属性和相互作用产生的影响。此外，每个级别上的实体都是自治的。
==Contexts and applications==<!--if you change this section's title, please also change the wikilinks throughout the article that link to it! -->
==Contexts and applications==<!--if you change this section's title, please also change the wikilinks throughout the article that link to it! -->