58
个编辑
更改
无编辑摘要
In the psychology of motivation, balance theory is a theory of attitude change, proposed by Fritz Heider. It conceptualizes the cognitive consistency motive as a drive toward psychological balance. The consistency motive is the urge to maintain one's values and beliefs over time. Heider proposed that "sentiment" or liking relationships are balanced if the affect valence in a system multiplies out to a positive result.
In the psychology of motivation, balance theory is a theory of attitude change, proposed by Fritz Heider. It conceptualizes the cognitive consistency motive as a drive toward psychological balance. The consistency motive is the urge to maintain one's values and beliefs over time. Heider proposed that "sentiment" or liking relationships are balanced if the affect valence in a system multiplies out to a positive result.
在动机心理学中，'''<font color="#ff8000"> 平衡理论 Balance Theory</font>'''是弗里茨·海德提出的一种态度变化理论。它将认知一致性动机概念化为一种促使心理平衡的驱动力。一致性动机是长期维持一个人的价值观和信仰的强烈愿望。海德提出，如果一个系统中的情感效价翻倍后得到积极的结果，那么“情感”或喜爱关系就是平衡的。
不断增加的迹象表明，这个人会察觉到这种关系中的不平衡(一种负乘积效应) ，并且会主动以某种方式纠正这种不平衡。这个人可以:
不断增加的迹象表明，这个人会察觉到这种关系中的不平衡(一种负乘积效应) ，并且会主动以某种方式纠正这种不平衡。这个人可以:
* Decide that <math>O</math> isn't bad,
* Decide that <math>X</math> isn't as great as originally thought, or
* Decide that <math>X</math> isn't as great as originally thought, or
* Conclude that <math>O</math> couldn't really have made <math>X</math>.
* Conclude that <math>O</math> couldn't really have made <math>X</math>.
认为O并不是那么差；
认为X并不像原来想的那么好；
或者得出O不可能真的创造了X的结论。
==Examples==
==Examples==
==举例==
Balance theory is useful in examining how [[Testimonial|celebrity endorsement]] affects consumers' [[Attitude (psychology)|attitudes]] toward products.<ref>John C. Mowen and Stephen W. Brown (1981) ,"On Explaining and Predicting the Effectiveness of Celebrity Endorsers", in Advances in Consumer Research Volume 08, eds. Kent B. Monroe, Advances in Consumer Research Volume 08 : Association for Consumer Research, Pages: 437-441.</ref> If a person likes a celebrity and perceives (due to the endorsement) that said celebrity likes a product, said person will tend to like the product more, in order to achieve psychological balance.
Balance theory is useful in examining how [[Testimonial|celebrity endorsement]] affects consumers' [[Attitude (psychology)|attitudes]] toward products.<ref>John C. Mowen and Stephen W. Brown (1981) ,"On Explaining and Predicting the Effectiveness of Celebrity Endorsers", in Advances in Consumer Research Volume 08, eds. Kent B. Monroe, Advances in Consumer Research Volume 08 : Association for Consumer Research, Pages: 437-441.</ref> If a person likes a celebrity and perceives (due to the endorsement) that said celebrity likes a product, said person will tend to like the product more, in order to achieve psychological balance.
==Signed graphs and social networks==
==Signed graphs and social networks==
==符号图和社会网络==
[[Frank Harary]] and Dorwin Cartwright looked at Heider's triads as 3-cycles in a [[signed graph]]. The sign of a [[path (graph theory)|path]] in a [[graph (discrete mathematics)|graph]] is the product of the signs of its edges. They considered [[cycle (graph theory)|cycle]]s in a signed graph representing a social network.
[[Frank Harary]] and Dorwin Cartwright looked at Heider's triads as 3-cycles in a [[signed graph]]. The sign of a [[path (graph theory)|path]] in a [[graph (discrete mathematics)|graph]] is the product of the signs of its edges. They considered [[cycle (graph theory)|cycle]]s in a signed graph representing a social network.
Parsimony axiom: The subgraph of positive edges has at most two components.
Parsimony axiom: The subgraph of positive edges has at most two components.
'''<font color="#ff8000"> 平简约公理 Parsimony Axiom</font>''': 正边子图最多有两个分支。