58
个编辑
更改
无编辑摘要
== In power transmission ==
== In power transmission ==
在电力输送中
=== Examples ===
=== Examples ===
案例
Cascading failure caused the following [[power outage]]s:
Cascading failure caused the following [[power outage]]s:
== In computer networks ==
== In computer networks ==
在计算机网络中
=== Symptoms ===
=== Symptoms ===
症状
=== History ===
=== History ===
历史
=== Example ===
=== Example ===
案例
== Cascading structural failure ==
== Cascading structural failure ==
级联结构故障
Certain load-bearing structures with discrete structural components can be subject to the "zipper effect", where the failure of a single structural member increases the load on adjacent members. In the case of the [[Hyatt Regency walkway collapse]], a suspended walkway (which was already overstressed due to an error in construction) failed when a single vertical suspension rod failed, overloading the neighboring rods which failed sequentially (i.e. like a [[zipper]]). A bridge that can have such a failure is called fracture critical, and numerous bridge collapses have been caused by the failure of a single part. Properly designed structures use an adequate [[factor of safety]] and/or alternate load paths to prevent this type of mechanical cascade failure.<ref name="petroski">{{cite book| title=To Engineer Is Human: The Role of Failure in Structural Design| first=Henry| last=Petroski| year=1992| isbn=978-0-679-73416-1| publisher=Vintage| place=| url-access=registration| url=https://archive.org/details/toengineerishuma00petr}}</ref>
Certain load-bearing structures with discrete structural components can be subject to the "zipper effect", where the failure of a single structural member increases the load on adjacent members. In the case of the [[Hyatt Regency walkway collapse]], a suspended walkway (which was already overstressed due to an error in construction) failed when a single vertical suspension rod failed, overloading the neighboring rods which failed sequentially (i.e. like a [[zipper]]). A bridge that can have such a failure is called fracture critical, and numerous bridge collapses have been caused by the failure of a single part. Properly designed structures use an adequate [[factor of safety]] and/or alternate load paths to prevent this type of mechanical cascade failure.<ref name="petroski">{{cite book| title=To Engineer Is Human: The Role of Failure in Structural Design| first=Henry| last=Petroski| year=1992| isbn=978-0-679-73416-1| publisher=Vintage| place=| url-access=registration| url=https://archive.org/details/toengineerishuma00petr}}</ref>
== Other examples ==
== Other examples ==
其他例子
=== Biology ===
=== Biology ===
生物
=== Electronics ===
=== Electronics ===
电子学
=== Finance ===
=== Finance ===
金融
== Interdependent cascading failures ==
== Interdependent cascading failures ==
相互依赖的级联故障
== Model for overload cascading failures ==
== Model for overload cascading failures ==
过载级联故障模型
A model for cascading failures due to overload propagation is the Motter–Lai model.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Motter|first=A. E.|last2=Lai|first2=Y. C.|date=2002|title=Cascade-based attacks on complex networks|url=|journal=Phys. Rev. E|volume=66|issue=6 Pt 2|pages=065102|doi=10.1103/PhysRevE.66.065102|pmid=12513335|bibcode=2002PhRvE..66f5102M|arxiv=cond-mat/0301086}}</ref> The tempo-spatial propagation of such failures have been studied by Jichang Zhao et al.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zhao|first=J.|last2=Li|first2=D.|last3=Sanhedrai|first3=H.|last4=Cohen|first4=R.|last5=Havlin|first5=S.|date=2016|title=Spatio-temporal propagation of cascading overload failures in spatially embedded networks|url=|journal=Nature Communications|volume=7|pages=10094|bibcode=2016NatCo...710094Z|doi=10.1038/ncomms10094|pmid=26754065|pmc=4729926}}</ref>
A model for cascading failures due to overload propagation is the Motter–Lai model.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Motter|first=A. E.|last2=Lai|first2=Y. C.|date=2002|title=Cascade-based attacks on complex networks|url=|journal=Phys. Rev. E|volume=66|issue=6 Pt 2|pages=065102|doi=10.1103/PhysRevE.66.065102|pmid=12513335|bibcode=2002PhRvE..66f5102M|arxiv=cond-mat/0301086}}</ref> The tempo-spatial propagation of such failures have been studied by Jichang Zhao et al.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zhao|first=J.|last2=Li|first2=D.|last3=Sanhedrai|first3=H.|last4=Cohen|first4=R.|last5=Havlin|first5=S.|date=2016|title=Spatio-temporal propagation of cascading overload failures in spatially embedded networks|url=|journal=Nature Communications|volume=7|pages=10094|bibcode=2016NatCo...710094Z|doi=10.1038/ncomms10094|pmid=26754065|pmc=4729926}}</ref>
== See also ==
== See also ==
请参阅
{{div col}}
{{div col}}
== References ==
== References ==
参考
== Further reading ==
== Further reading ==
进一步阅读