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→Deep ecology
Deep ecology is an ideology whose metaphysical underpinnings are deeply concerned with the science of ecology. The term was coined by Arne Naess, a Norwegian philosopher, Gandhian scholar, and environmental activist. He argues that the prevailing approach to environmental management is anthropocentric, and that the natural environment is not only "more complex than we imagine, it is more complex than we can imagine." Naess formulated deep ecology in 1973 at an environmental conference in Budapest.
Deep ecology is an ideology whose metaphysical underpinnings are deeply concerned with the science of ecology. The term was coined by Arne Naess, a Norwegian philosopher, Gandhian scholar, and environmental activist. He argues that the prevailing approach to environmental management is anthropocentric, and that the natural environment is not only "more complex than we imagine, it is more complex than we can imagine." Naess formulated deep ecology in 1973 at an environmental conference in Budapest.
深层生态学是一种与生态学密切相关的形而上学的基础意识形态。这个术语是由挪威哲学家、甘地学者和环境活动家Arne Naess创造的。他认为，目前流行的环境管理方法是以人类为中心的，自然环境不仅“比我们想象的要复杂，而且比我们想象的要复杂”Naess 于1973年在布达佩斯的一次环境会议上提出了深层生态学的概念。
乔安娜 · 梅西、约翰 · 希德和其他人将奈斯的论点发展成为他们称之为经验性深层生态学的一个分支。他们之所以作出这些努力，是因为他们认为需要发展”生态自我” ，将人的自我视为包括个人在内的生命系统的一个组成部分。他们试图超越利他主义，以超越人类沙文主义的生物学上的平等为基础，实现更深层次的自我利益。
乔安娜 · 梅西、约翰 · 希德和其他人将奈斯的论点发展成为他们称之为经验性深层生态学的一个分支。他们之所以作出这些努力，是因为他们认为需要发展”生态自我” ，将人的自我视为包括个人在内的生命系统的一个组成部分。他们试图超越利他主义，以超越人类沙文主义的生物学上的平等为基础，实现更深层次的自我利益。
===Earth systems engineering and management===
===Earth systems engineering and management===