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阿喀琉斯之踵 (查看源代码)

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本词条由Miyasaki审校
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本词条由Agnes初步翻译
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此词条暂由彩云小译翻译，未经人工整理和审校，带来阅读不便，请见谅。
      
{{short description|Critical weakness which can lead to downfall in spite of overall strength}}
 
{{short description|Critical weakness which can lead to downfall in spite of overall strength}}
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{{About|the phrase|the anatomical part|Achilles tendon||Achilles Heel (disambiguation)}}
 
{{About|the phrase|the anatomical part|Achilles tendon||Achilles Heel (disambiguation)}}
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[[File:Detail of Achilles thniskon.JPG|thumb|260px|Statue of Achilleas Thniskon (''Dying Achilles'') at the [[Corfu]] [[Achilleion (Corfu)|Achilleion]].]]
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[[File:Detail of Achilles thniskon.JPG|thumb|260px|希腊科孚岛“垂死的阿喀琉斯”雕像]]
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'''阿喀琉斯之踵 Achilles' heel'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/achilles-heel|title=Achilles heel {{!}} meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary|website=dictionary.cambridge.org|language=en|access-date=2019-09-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/achilles_heel|title=Achilles heel {{!}} Definition of Achilles heel by Lexico|website=Lexico Dictionaries {{!}} English|language=en|access-date=2019-09-29}}</ref>是指强大整体致命的弱点。虽然“阿喀琉斯之踵”一词的神话起源指的是身体的脆弱性，但在习惯表达中也常用于其他能摧毁整体的特征或属性。
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Statue of Achilleas Thniskon (Dying Achilles) at the [[Corfu Achilleion.]]
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【图1：Statue of Achilleas Thniskon (Dying Achilles) at the Corfu Achilleion.希腊科孚岛“垂死的阿喀琉斯”雕像】
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==[[用户:Agnes|Agnes]]（[[用户讨论:Agnes|讨论]]）[翻译]Statue of Achilleas Thniskon (Dying Achilles)省译
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An '''Achilles' heel''' or '''Achilles heel'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/achilles-heel|title=Achilles heel {{!}} meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary|website=dictionary.cambridge.org|language=en|access-date=2019-09-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/achilles_heel|title=Achilles heel {{!}} Definition of Achilles heel by Lexico|website=Lexico Dictionaries {{!}} English|language=en|access-date=2019-09-29}}</ref> is a weakness in spite of overall strength, which can lead to downfall. While the mythological origin refers to a physical vulnerability, idiomatic references to other attributes or qualities that can lead to downfall are common.
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== 起源 ==
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在希腊神话中，当阿喀琉斯 Achilles还是个婴儿的时候，人们就预言他会英年早逝。为了阻止Achilles的死亡，他的母亲忒提丝 Thetis把他带到冥河，并把他的身体浸入河水中，因为冥河水据说可以提供刀枪不入的能力；然而，由于Thetis提着Achilles的脚后跟，所以他的脚后跟并没有被浸泡到冥河的水里。Achilles长大后成为一个战士，在许多伟大的战役中幸存下来。
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An Achilles' heel or Achilles heel is a weakness in spite of overall strength, which can lead to downfall. While the mythological origin refers to a physical vulnerability, idiomatic references to other attributes or qualities that can lead to downfall are common.
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“阿喀琉斯之踵”是指一种弱点，这个弱点可以导致一个强大整体的毁灭。虽然“阿喀琉斯之踵”一词的神话起源指的是身体的脆弱性，但在习惯表达中也常用于其他能摧毁整体的特征或品质。
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[[File:Peter Paul Rubens 181.jpg|thumb|right|由彼得·保罗·鲁本斯 Peter Paul Rubens创作的油画(约1625年)，女神Thetis在流经地狱的冥河中浸泡她的儿子Thetis。背景中，摆渡人卡戎 Charon撑着船运为死者摆渡。]]
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==[[用户:Agnes|Agnes]]（[[用户讨论:Agnes|讨论]]）[翻译]An Achilles' heel or Achilles heel 此处省译，因为通过查询发现两种不同的英文表达在中文中都翻译为阿喀琉斯之踵，故译者认为无需重复赘述。
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尽管赫克托 Hector在荷马史诗《伊利亚特 Iliad》中预言了Achilles的死亡，但Achilles之死实际上并没有出现在《伊利亚特》中，而是出现在后来的古希腊罗马诗歌和戏剧<ref>E.g. [[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' 12.580–619.</ref>所描述的《伊利亚特》之后的事件中，后来又出现在特洛伊战争中。在围绕特洛伊战争的神话中，据说Achilles是死于脚跟<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://blog.britishmuseum.org/who-was-achilles/|title=Who was Achilles?|date=2019-10-15|website=The British Museum Blog|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-12-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history|title=Ancient History|website=HISTORY|language=en|access-date=2019-12-24}}</ref> 、脚踝<ref>http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DEpitome%3Abook%3DE%3Achapter%3D5%3Asection%3D3</ref>或躯干的伤口<ref name=":0" /> 。<ref>See P. J. Heslin, ''The Transvestite Achilles: Gender and Genre in Statius’'' Achilleid, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 2005, 166–169.</ref>
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== Origin ==
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起源
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Classical myths attribute Achilles’s invulnerability to his mother [[Thetis]] having treated him with [[ambrosia]] and burned away his mortality in the hearth fire except on the heel, by which she held him. Peleus, his father, discovered the treatment and was alarmed to see Thetis holding the baby in the flames, which offended her and made her leave the treatment incomplete.According to a myth arising later, his mother had dipped the infant Achilles in the river [[Styx (mythology)|Styx]], holding onto him by his heel, and he became invulnerable where the waters touched him—that is, everywhere except the areas of his heel that were covered by her thumb and forefinger.
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In [[Greek mythology]], when [[Achilles]] was a baby, it was foretold that he would die young. To prevent his death, his mother [[Thetis]] took [[Achilles]] to the [[Styx|River Styx]], which was supposed to offer powers of invulnerability, and dipped his body into the water; however, as Thetis held Achilles by the [[heel]], his heel was not washed over by the water of the magical river. Achilles grew up to be a man of war who survived many great battles.
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In Greek mythology, when Achilles was a baby, it was foretold that he would die young. To prevent his death, his mother Thetis took Achilles to the River Styx, which was supposed to offer powers of invulnerability, and dipped his body into the water; however, as Thetis held Achilles by the heel, his heel was not washed over by the water of the magical river. Achilles grew up to be a man of war who survived many great battles.
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在希腊神话中，当阿喀琉斯还是个婴儿的时候，人们就预言他会英年早逝。为了阻止阿喀琉斯的死亡，他的母亲忒提丝（音译）把他带到冥河，并把他的身体浸入河水中，因为冥河水据说可以提供刀枪不入的能力; 然而，因为忒提丝提着阿喀琉斯的脚后跟，所以他的脚后跟并没有被冥河的水浸泡到。阿喀琉斯长大后成为一个战士，在许多伟大的战役中幸存下来。
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[[File:Peter Paul Rubens 181.jpg|thumb|right|Oil painting (c.&nbsp;1625) by [[Peter Paul Rubens]] of the goddess Thetis dipping her son Achilles in the [[River Styx]], which runs through [[Hades]]. In the background, the ferryman [[Charon (mythology)|Charon]] rows the dead across the river in his boat.]]
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【图2：Oil painting (c. 1625) by Peter Paul Rubens of the goddess Thetis dipping her son Achilles in the River Styx, which runs through Hades. In the background, the ferryman Charon rows the dead across the river in his boat.
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由彼得·保罗·鲁本斯创作的油画(约1625年)，女神忒提丝在流经地狱的冥河中浸泡她的儿子阿喀琉斯。背景中，摆渡人卡戎撑着船运为死者摆渡。】
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Although the death of Achilles is predicted by Hector in [[Homer]]’s ''[[Iliad]]'', it does not actually occur in the ''Iliad'', but is described in later Greek and Roman poetry and drama<ref>E.g. [[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' 12.580–619.</ref> concerning events after the ''Iliad'', later in the [[Trojan War]]. In the myths surrounding the war, Achilles was said to have died from a wound to his heel,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://blog.britishmuseum.org/who-was-achilles/|title=Who was Achilles?|date=2019-10-15|website=The British Museum Blog|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-12-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history|title=Ancient History|website=HISTORY|language=en|access-date=2019-12-24}}</ref> ankle,<ref>http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DEpitome%3Abook%3DE%3Achapter%3D5%3Asection%3D3</ref> or torso,<ref name=":0" /> which was the result of an arrow—possibly poisoned—shot by [[Paris (mythology)|Paris]].<ref>See P. J. Heslin, ''The Transvestite Achilles: Gender and Genre in Statius’'' Achilleid, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 2005, 166–169.</ref>
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Although the death of Achilles is predicted by Hector in Homer’s Iliad, it does not actually occur in the Iliad, but is described in later Greek and Roman poetry and drama concerning events after the Iliad, later in the Trojan War. In the myths surrounding the war, Achilles was said to have died from a wound to his heel, ankle, or torso,
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尽管赫克托在荷马史诗《伊利亚特》中预言了阿喀琉斯的死亡，但阿喀琉斯之死实际上并没有出现在《伊利亚特》中，而是出现在后来的古希腊罗马诗歌和戏剧所描述的《伊利亚特》之后的事件中，后来又出现在特洛伊战争中。在围绕特洛伊战争的神话中，据说阿喀琉斯是死于脚跟、脚踝或躯干的伤口。
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Classical myths attribute Achilles’s invulnerability to his mother [[Thetis]] having treated him with [[ambrosia]] and burned away his mortality in the hearth fire except on the heel, by which she held him. Peleus, his father, discovered the treatment and was alarmed to see Thetis holding the baby in the flames, which offended her and made her leave the treatment incomplete.<ref>Apollonius, Argonautica 4.869–872</ref> According to a myth arising later, his mother had dipped the infant Achilles in the river [[Styx (mythology)|Styx]], holding onto him by his heel, and he became invulnerable where the waters touched him—that is, everywhere except the areas of his heel that were covered by her thumb and forefinger.<ref>Statius, Achilleid 1.122f., 269f., 480f.</ref>
      
Classical myths attribute Achilles’s invulnerability to his mother Thetis having treated him with ambrosia and burned away his mortality in the hearth fire except on the heel, by which she held him. Peleus, his father, discovered the treatment and was alarmed to see Thetis holding the baby in the flames, which offended her and made her leave the treatment incomplete. According to a myth arising later, his mother had dipped the infant Achilles in the river Styx, holding onto him by his heel, and he became invulnerable where the waters touched him—that is, everywhere except the areas of his heel that were covered by her thumb and forefinger.
 
Classical myths attribute Achilles’s invulnerability to his mother Thetis having treated him with ambrosia and burned away his mortality in the hearth fire except on the heel, by which she held him. Peleus, his father, discovered the treatment and was alarmed to see Thetis holding the baby in the flames, which offended her and made her leave the treatment incomplete. According to a myth arising later, his mother had dipped the infant Achilles in the river Styx, holding onto him by his heel, and he became invulnerable where the waters touched him—that is, everywhere except the areas of his heel that were covered by her thumb and forefinger.
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古典神话中将阿喀琉斯的刀枪不入归功于他的母亲忒提丝曾经给他吃过珍馐（专供给神的食物），并在炉火中赋予他不死的命运，只留下了手提着的脚后跟。他的父亲珀琉斯发现忒提丝使用这种治疗方法后非常担忧，这不仅激怒了忒提丝，也使她未能完成治疗。而根据后来出现的另一个神话，阿喀琉斯的母亲抓住他的脚后跟，将他在冥河水里蘸了一下，他与河水接触到的地方变得坚不可摧——除了脚后跟被他母亲的拇指和食指覆盖的地方。
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古典神话中将Achilles的坚不可摧归功于他的母亲Thetis曾经给他吃过珍馐（专供给神的食物），并在炉火中赋予他不死的命运，只留下了手提着的脚后跟。他的父亲珀琉斯 Peleus发现Thetis使用这种治疗方法后非常担忧，这不仅激怒了Thetis，也使她未能完成治疗。<ref>Apollonius, Argonautica 4.869–872</ref> 而根据后来出现的另一个神话，Achilles的母亲抓住他的脚后跟，将他在冥河水里蘸了一下，他与河水接触到的地方变得坚不可摧——除了脚后跟被他母亲的拇指和食指捏住的地方。<ref>Statius, Achilleid 1.122f., 269f., 480f.</ref>
    
   --[[用户:Agnes|Agnes]]（[[用户讨论:Agnes|讨论]]）[翻译]burned away his mortality中mortality一词在牛津英汉双解词典中解释为“the state of being human and not being for ever”，译者反复思考后决定译为“生命的限期”，但是原文仍然不能完全通畅，所以对于morality一词的翻译仍然存疑；
 
   --[[用户:Agnes|Agnes]]（[[用户讨论:Agnes|讨论]]）[翻译]burned away his mortality中mortality一词在牛津英汉双解词典中解释为“the state of being human and not being for ever”，译者反复思考后决定译为“生命的限期”，但是原文仍然不能完全通畅，所以对于morality一词的翻译仍然存疑；
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==Anatomy==
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==解剖学 Anatomy==
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The large and prominent tendon of the [[gastrocnemius]], [[soleus]], and [[plantaris]] muscles of the calf is called the ''tendo achilleus'' or [[Achilles tendon]]. This is commonly associated with the site of Achilles's death wound. Tendons are avascular, so such an injury is unlikely to be fatal; however, the myth has the arrow poisoned with the blood of the [[Lernaean Hydra]].
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解剖学
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腓肠肌、比目鱼肌和跖肌的大而突出的肌腱称为小腿腱或跟腱。这个部位通常与阿喀琉斯的致命伤的部位有关。肌腱是无血管的，所以这种损伤不太可能是致命的; 然而，神话中的箭淬上了勒拿九头蛇有毒的血液。
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{{Original research section|date=June 2019|comment=this is mythology!}}
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The large and prominent tendon of the [[gastrocnemius]], [[soleus]], and [[plantaris]] muscles of the calf is called the ''tendo achilleus'' or [[Achilles tendon]]. This is commonly associated with the site of Achilles's death wound. Tendons are avascular, so such an injury is unlikely to be fatal; however, the myth has the arrow poisoned with the blood of the [[Lernaean Hydra]].
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假设箭没有沾上毒液，那么阿喀琉斯之死的解剖学基础更有可能是由位于长屈指肌腱和胫后静脉之间的内踝后侧胫后动脉的损伤导致。这个区域也可能包括在Thetis手握住的地方里。
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腓肠肌、比目鱼肌和跖肌的大而突出的肌腱称为小腿腱或跟腱。这个部位通常与阿喀琉斯的致命伤的部位有关。肌腱是无血管的，所以这种损伤不太可能是致命的; 然而，神话中的箭淬上了勒拿九头蛇有毒的血液。
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A more likely anatomical basis for Achilles's death, assuming an unpoisoned dart, would have been an injury to his [[posterior tibial artery]] behind the [[medial malleolus]], in between the tendons of the flexor digitorum longus and the posterior tibial vein. This area could also have been included in [[Thetis]]'s grip.
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假设箭没有沾上毒液，那么阿喀琉斯之死的解剖学基础更有可能是由位于长屈指肌腱和胫后静脉之间的内踝后侧胫后动脉的损伤导致。这个区域也可能包括在忒提丝手握住的地方里。
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==参见==
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==See also==
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参见
      
*{{wiktionary|Achilles heel}}
 
*{{wiktionary|Achilles heel}}
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*{{annotated link|Baldr|Balder}} in [[Norse mythology]]
 
*{{annotated link|Baldr|Balder}} in [[Norse mythology]]
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==编者推荐==
 
==编者推荐==
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Category:Trojan War literature
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类别：特洛伊战争文学
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[[Category:特洛伊战争文学]]
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[[Category:英语俗语]]
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[[Category: 阿喀琉斯]]
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*[[Duryodhana#Gandhari's blessing and the fight with Bhima|Duryodhana]] in the [[Mahabharatha]]
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Category:Idioms
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本词条由Miyasaki审校
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类别：成语
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本词条由Agnes初步翻译
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*{{annotated link|Esfandiyār}} in the [[Shahnameh]]
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Category:Achilles
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分类：阿喀琉斯
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<noinclude>
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<small>This page was moved from [[wikipedia:en:Achilles' heel]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[阿喀琉斯之踵/edithistory]]</small></noinclude>
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