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== Scope 范围 ==
=== Difference between equilibrium and non-equilibrium thermodynamics 平衡与非平衡热力学之间的差异 ===
A profound difference separates equilibrium from non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Equilibrium thermodynamics ignores the time-courses of physical processes. In contrast, non-equilibrium thermodynamics attempts to describe their time-courses in continuous detail.
A profound difference separates equilibrium from non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Equilibrium thermodynamics ignores the time-courses of physical processes. In contrast, non-equilibrium thermodynamics attempts to describe their time-courses in continuous detail.
A profound difference separates equilibrium from non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Equilibrium thermodynamics ignores the time-courses of physical processes. In contrast, non-equilibrium thermodynamics attempts to describe their time-courses in continuous detail.
A profound difference separates equilibrium from non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Equilibrium thermodynamics ignores the time-courses of physical processes. In contrast, non-equilibrium thermodynamics attempts to describe their time-courses in continuous detail.
巨大的差异将平衡与非平衡热力学区分开来。平衡热力学忽略了物理过程的时程分析。相反，非平衡热力学则试图通过连续的细节描述来进行时程分析。
Equilibrium thermodynamics restricts its considerations to processes that have initial and final states of thermodynamic equilibrium; the time-courses of processes are deliberately ignored. Consequently, equilibrium thermodynamics allows processes that pass through states far from thermodynamic equilibrium, that cannot be described even by the variables admitted for non-equilibrium thermodynamics, such as time rates of change of temperature and pressure. For example, in equilibrium thermodynamics, a process is allowed to include even a violent explosion that cannot be described by non-equilibrium thermodynamics. It is an exercise in differential geometry rather than a process that could occur in actuality.
Equilibrium thermodynamics restricts its considerations to processes that have initial and final states of thermodynamic equilibrium; the time-courses of processes are deliberately ignored. Consequently, equilibrium thermodynamics allows processes that pass through states far from thermodynamic equilibrium, that cannot be described even by the variables admitted for non-equilibrium thermodynamics, such as time rates of change of temperature and pressure. For example, in equilibrium thermodynamics, a process is allowed to include even a violent explosion that cannot be described by non-equilibrium thermodynamics. It is an exercise in differential geometry rather than a process that could occur in actuality.
平衡热力学在分析过程中仅将其考虑因素限制在具有热力学平衡的初始状态和最终状态上；而其时程分析被故意忽略。因此，对于反应过程中处于远非平衡状态下的系统，平衡热力学都选择放过不进行分析，而实际上，即使通过非平衡热力学所允许的变量（例如温度和压力的时间变化率）也无法对该过程进行描述。例如，在平衡热力学中，甚至可以包含一个猛烈的爆炸过程，该过程无法用非平衡热力学来描述。但是，为了进行理论发展地研究，平衡热力学确实使用了“准静态过程”的理想概念。准静态过程指的是沿着热力学平衡状态的连续路径，进行的概念性（不受时间影响且物理上不可能）平滑数学分析过程。这整个反应过程存在于微分几何中，而不是实际可能发生的情况下。
Non-equilibrium thermodynamics, on the other hand, attempting to describe continuous time-courses, needs its state variables to have a very close connection with those of equilibrium thermodynamics. This profoundly restricts the scope of non-equilibrium thermodynamics, and places heavy demands on its conceptual framework.
Non-equilibrium thermodynamics, on the other hand, attempting to describe continuous time-courses, needs its state variables to have a very close connection with those of equilibrium thermodynamics. This profoundly restricts the scope of non-equilibrium thermodynamics, and places heavy demands on its conceptual framework.
另一方面，非平衡热力学试图描述连续的时间过程，需要其状态变量与平衡热力学的'''<font color="#ff8000"> 状态变量State variables</font>'''保持非常紧密的联系。这极大地限制了非平衡热力学的范围，并对它的概念框架提出了很高的要求。
定义非平衡热力学状态变量的合适关系如下。当系统碰巧处于足够接近热力学平衡的状态时，非平衡态变量可以通过与测量热力学状态变量相同的技术，或者通过相应的时间和空间导数，包括物质和能量的流动，足够精确地在局部测量。一般来说，非平衡态热力学系统在空间和时间上都是不均匀的，但是它们的不均匀性仍然具有足够的光滑度来支持存在合适的非平衡态变量的时间和空间导数。由于空间非均匀性，对应于广义热力学状态变量的非平衡状态变量必须定义为相应广义平衡状态变量的空间密度。在系统足够接近热力学平衡的情况下，密集的非平衡状态变量，例如温度和压力，与平衡状态变量密切对应。为了获得相应的非均匀性，测量探头必须足够小，响应速度也必须足够快。此外，非平衡状态变量需要在数学上相互之间以适当类似于平衡热力学状态变量之间对应关系的方式进行功能联系。昂萨格1931)、产生熵时间速率(昂萨格1931)、耗散结构，但在本文中几乎没有涉及。
定义非平衡热力学状态变量的合适关系如下。当系统碰巧处于足够接近热力学平衡的状态时，非平衡态变量可以通过与测量热力学状态变量相同的技术，或者通过相应的时间和空间导数，包括物质和能量的流动，足够精确地在局部测量。一般来说，非平衡态热力学系统在空间和时间上都是不均匀的，但是它们的不均匀性仍然具有足够的光滑度来支持存在合适的非平衡态变量的时间和空间导数。由于空间非均匀性，对应于广义热力学状态变量的非平衡状态变量必须定义为相应广义平衡状态变量的空间密度。在系统足够接近热力学平衡的情况下，密集的非平衡状态变量，例如温度和压力，与平衡状态变量密切对应。为了获得相应的非均匀性，测量探头必须足够小，响应速度也必须足够快。此外，非平衡状态变量需要在数学上相互之间以适当类似于平衡热力学状态变量之间对应关系的方式进行功能联系。昂萨格1931)、产生熵时间速率(昂萨格1931)、耗散结构，但在本文中几乎没有涉及。
==Overview==
==Overview==