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For example, one widely cited writer, H. B. Callen writes in this context: "In actuality, few systems are in absolute and true equilibrium." He refers to radioactive processes and remarks that they may take "cosmic times to complete, [and] generally can be ignored". He adds "In practice, the criterion for equilibrium is circular. Operationally, a system is in an equilibrium state if its properties are consistently described by thermodynamic theory!"
For example, one widely cited writer, H. B. Callen writes in this context: "In actuality, few systems are in absolute and true equilibrium." He refers to radioactive processes and remarks that they may take "cosmic times to complete, [and] generally can be ignored". He adds "In practice, the criterion for equilibrium is circular. Operationally, a system is in an equilibrium state if its properties are consistently described by thermodynamic theory!"
例如，一位被广泛引用的作家'''<font color="#ff8000">H.B.卡伦 H.B.Callen</font>'''在这里写道: “实际上，很少有系统处于绝对和真正的平衡状态。”他提到了放射性过程和评论，认为它们可能需要“宇宙时间才能完成，而且通常可以忽略”。他补充道: “在实践中，平衡的标准是循环的。在操作上，如果一个系统的性质一致地用热力学理论来描述，那么它就处于平衡状态! ”
例如，一位被广泛引用的作家'''<font color="#ff8000">H.B.卡伦 H.B.Callen</font>'''在这里写道: “实际上，很少有系统处于绝对和真正的平衡状态。”他提到了放射性过程，认为它们可能需要“宇宙时间才能完成，因此通常可以忽略”。他补充道: “在实践中，平衡的标准是循环的。在操作上，如果一个系统的性质一致地用热力学理论来描述，那么它就处于平衡状态! ”
Another author, cited by Callen as giving a "scholarly and rigorous treatment", and cited by Adkins as having written a "classic text", A.B. Pippard writes in that text: "Given long enough a supercooled vapour will eventually condense, ... . The time involved may be so enormous, however, perhaps 10<sup>100</sup> years or more, ... . For most purposes, provided the rapid change is not artificially stimulated, the systems may be regarded as being in equilibrium."
Another author, cited by Callen as giving a "scholarly and rigorous treatment", and cited by Adkins as having written a "classic text", A.B. Pippard writes in that text: "Given long enough a supercooled vapour will eventually condense, ... . The time involved may be so enormous, however, perhaps 10<sup>100</sup> years or more, ... . For most purposes, provided the rapid change is not artificially stimulated, the systems may be regarded as being in equilibrium."
Callen引用另一位作者的话说，他给出了“学术且严谨的论述” ，Adkins引用他的话说，他写了一本“经典著作”—— '''<font color="#ff8000">A.B.皮帕德 A.B.Pippard</font>'''在文中写道: “只要时间足够长，过冷水蒸汽最终会凝结，... ..。时间可能是巨大的，也许长达10年或者更长。就大多数目的而言，只要这种迅速的变化不是人为地刺激，这些系统就可以被视为处于平衡状态。”
Another author, A. Münster, writes in this context. He observes that thermonuclear processes often occur so slowly that they can be ignored in thermodynamics. He comments: "The concept 'absolute equilibrium' or 'equilibrium with respect to all imaginable processes', has therefore, no physical significance." He therefore states that: "... we can consider an equilibrium only with respect to specified processes and defined experimental conditions."
Another author, A. Münster, writes in this context. He observes that thermonuclear processes often occur so slowly that they can be ignored in thermodynamics. He comments: "The concept 'absolute equilibrium' or 'equilibrium with respect to all imaginable processes', has therefore, no physical significance." He therefore states that: "... we can consider an equilibrium only with respect to specified processes and defined experimental conditions."
另一位作者A. Münster就是在这种背景下写作的。他观察到热核反应发生的速度非常缓慢，以至于在热力学中可以忽略不计。他评论道: “‘绝对平衡’或‘所有可想象过程的平衡’的概念，因此没有物理意义。”因此他说: “ ... 我们只能考虑特定过程和确定的实验条件下的平衡。”
另一位作者A.Münster，写在这种情况下。他观察到热核反应发生的速度非常缓慢，以至于在热力学中可以忽略不计。他评论道: “‘绝对平衡’或‘所有可想象过程的平衡’的概念没有物理意义。”他说: “ ... 我们只能考虑特定过程和确定的实验条件下的平衡。”
根据'''<font color="#ff8000">L.缇莎 L.Tisza</font>'''的说法: “ ... 在讨论接近绝对零度的现象时。经典理论的绝对预测变得特别模糊，因为在非平衡状态下发生冻结是非常普遍的。”
根据'''<font color="#ff8000">L.缇莎 L.Tisza</font>'''的说法: “ ... 在讨论接近绝对零度的现象时。经典理论的绝对预测变得特别模糊，因为在非平衡状态下发生冻结是非常普遍的。”
==Definitions==
==Definitions==